Java 23 for Absolute Beginners: Learn the Fundamentals of Java Programming

Table of Contents
About the Author
About the Technical Reviewer
Acknowledgments
Chapter 1: An Introduction to Java and Its History
	How It All Started
	Who This Book Is For
	How This Book Is Structured
	Conventions
	When Java Was Owned by Sun Microsystems
	How Is Java Portable?
	Sun Microsystem’s Java Versions
	Oracle Takes Over
		Java 7
		Java 8
		Java 9
		Java 10
		Java 11
		Java 12
		Java 13
		Java 14
		Java 15
		Java 16
		Java 17
		Java 18
		Java 19
		Java 20
		Java 21
		Java 22
		Java 23
	Prerequisites
	Summary
Chapter 2: Preparing Your Development Environment
	Installing Java
	The JAVA_HOME Environment Variable
		JAVA_HOME on Windows
		JAVA_HOME on macOS
		JAVA_HOME on Linux
	Running Java Code
		Using JShell
		Running Java Source Files Directly Using Java 21
		Running Java Source Files Directly Using Java 22
	Installing Apache Maven
	Installing Git
	Install a Java IDE
	Summary
Chapter 3: Getting Your Feet Wet
	Core Syntax Parts
	Java Fundamental Building Blocks: Packages, Modules, and Classes
		Packages
		Access Modifiers
		Modules
			Advanced Module Configurations
	How to Determine the Structure of a Java Project
		The HelloWorld! Project in IntelliJ IDEA
		The HelloWorld! Project Compiled and Executed from the Command Line
		Putting the HelloWorld Class in a Package
		Configuring the com.sandbox Module
	Java Projects Using Build Tools, Mostly Maven
	Explaining and Enriching the Hello World! Class
	Summary
Chapter 4: Java Syntax
	Base Rules of Writing Java Code
		Package Declaration
		Import Section
		Java Grammar
		Java Identifiers and Variables
		Java Comments
	Java Types
		Classes
			Fields
			Class Variables
			Encapsulating Data
			Methods
			Constructors
			Abstraction and Inheritance
			Enums
			Interfaces
				Default Methods in Interfaces
				Static Methods and Constants in Interfaces
				Private Methods in Interfaces
			Records
			Sealed Classes and Interfaces
			Hidden Classes
			Annotation Types
	Lambda Expressions
	Exceptions
		Catch the exception, print an appropriate message, and exit the application
		Throw an appropriate exception type
		Perform a dummy initialization
		try/catch Blocks
	Generics
	var and the Diamond Operator
	Unnamed Patterns and Unnamed Variables
	Summary
		Java Keywords
Chapter 5: Data Types
	Stack and Heap Memory
	Introduction to Java Data Types
		Primitive Data Types
		Reference Data Types
		Java Primitive Types
			The boolean Type
			The char Type
			Numeric Primitive Types
				Java Integer Primitive Types
				Java Real Primitive Types
		Java Reference Types
			Arrays
			The String Type
				Useful String Methods Added After Java 8
				Escaping Characters
				Text Blocks
				String Concatenation
			Wrapper Classes for Primitive Types
		Date/Time API
		Collections
		Concurrency-Specific Types
			Classic Thread Creation (Before Java 21)
			Java 21 Threads New Syntax and Virtual Threads
			Asynchronous Programming Using CompletableFuture
			Structured Concurrency
	Summary
Chapter 6: Operators
	The Assignment Operator
	Explicit Type Conversion: (typem) and instanceof
		Type Patterns
		Record Patterns
		Primitive Patterns
	Numerical Operators
		Unary Operators
			Incrementors and Decrementors
			Sign Operators
			Negation Operator
		Binary Operators
			The + (Plus/Addition/Concatenation) Operator
			The - (Minus) Operator
			The * (Multiply) Operator
			The / (Divide) Operator
			The % (Modulus) Operator
		Relational Operators
			The == (Equals) Operator
			The Other Comparison Operators
	Bitwise Operators
		Bitwise (~) NOT
		Bitwise (&) AND
		Bitwise Inclusive (|) OR
		Bitwise Exclusive (^) OR
		Logical Operators
		Shift Operators
			The << Shift Left Operator
			The >> Shift Right Operator
			The >>> Unsigned Shift Right Operator
	The Elvis Operator
	Summary
Chapter 7: Controlling the Flow
	if-else Statement
	switch
		The Classic switch Statement
		The switch Expression
		switch with String Options
		switch with enum Options
		Pattern Matching for switch
		Record Patterns for switch
	Looping Statements
		for Statement
		while Statement
		do-while Statement
	Breaking Loops and Skipping Steps
		break Statement
		continue Statement
		return Statement
	Controlling the Flow Using try-catch Constructions
	Summary
Chapter 8: The Stream API
	Introduction to Streams
	Creating Streams
		Creating Streams from Collections
		Creating Streams from Arrays
		Creating Empty Streams
		Creating Finite Streams
		Streams of Primitives and Streams of Strings
		Short Introduction to Optional
		How to Use Streams Like a Pro
			Terminal Functions forEach and forEachOrdered
			Intermediate Operation filter and Terminal Operation toArray
			Intermediate Operations map and flatMap and Terminal Operation collect
			Intermediate Operation sorted and Terminal Operation findFirst
			Intermediate Operation distinct and Terminal Operation count
			Intermediate Operation limit and Terminal Operations min and max
			Terminal Operations sum and reduce
			Intermediate Operation peek
			Intermediate Operation skip and Terminal Operations findAny, anyMatch, allMatch, and noneMatch
			Intermediate Operation gather
				Creating a Custom Gatherer
				Built-In Gatherers
	Debugging Stream Pipelines
	Summary
Chapter 9: Debugging, Testing, and Documenting
	Debugging
		Logging
			Logging with System.out.print
			Logging with JUL
			Logging with SLF4J and Logback
		Debug Using Assertions
		Step-By-Step Debugging
		Inspect a Running Application Using Java Tools
			jps
			jcmd
			jconsole
			Using JDK Mission Control
		Accessing the Java Process API
	Testing
		Test Code Location
		Building an Application to Test
		Introducing JUnit
			Using Fakes
			Using Stubs
			Using Mocks
	Documenting
	Summary
Chapter 10: Making Your Application Interactive
	Reading User Data from the Command Line
		Using System.in
		Using java.util.Scanner
		Using java.io.Console
	Building Applications Using Swing
	Introducing JavaFX
	Internationalization
	Building a Web Application
		Simple Application Server
			The jwebserver Command-Line Tool
			Using SimpleFileServer
		Java Web Application with an Embedded Server
		Java Web Application on a Standalone Server
	Summary
Chapter 11: Working with Files
	Java IO and NIO APIs
	File Handlers
		isFile
		getAbsolutePath
		getParent, getName, length, isHidden, canRead, and canWrite
		Handling Directories: list() and listFiles()
		createNewFile(), exists(), createTempFile(..), and deleteOnExit()
		renameTo
	Path Handlers
	Reading Files
		Using Scanner to Read Files
		Using Files Utility Methods to Read Files
		Using Readers to Read Files
		Using InputStream to Read Files
	Writing Files
		Writing Files Using Files Utility Methods
		Using Writer to Write Files
		Using OutputStream to Write Files
	Using Java NIO to Manage Files
	Serialization and Deserialization
		Byte Serialization
		XML Serialization
		JSON Serialization
	The Media API
	Using JavaFX Image Classes
	Writing and Reading from Databases
	Summary
Chapter 12: The Publish/Subscribe Framework
	Reactive Programming and the Reactive Manifesto
	Using the JDK Reactive Streams API
	Reactive Streams Technology Compatibility Kit
	Using Project Reactor
	Summary
Chapter 13: Garbage Collection
	Garbage Collection Basics
		Oracle HotSpot JVM Architecture
		How Many Garbage Collectors Are There?
	Working with Garbage Collection from the Code
		Using the finalize() Method
		Heap Memory Statistics
		Using Cleaner
	Preventing GC from Deleting an Object
	Using Weak References
	Garbage Collection Exceptions and Causes
	Summary
Appendix A: Java Modules
	Modules
		Advanced Module Configurations
Appendix B: IntelliJ IDEA Modules
Index