Jasmonates and Salicylates Signaling in Plants

Preface
Contents
Editors and Contributors
Jasmonates and Salicylates: Mechanisms, Transport and Signalling During Abiotic Stress in Plants
	1 Introduction
	2 Mechanisms of Phytohormones Jasmonates and Salicylates for Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Plants
		2.1 Interaction Between JA and SA Pathways Under Abiotic Stresses
		2.2 Against Heat Tolerance
		2.3 Against Cold and Freezing Stress
		2.4 Against Salt Stress
		2.5 Against Drought Stress
		2.6 Against Heavy Metals’ Stress
	3 Signalling Pathway of Jasmonates and Salicylates During Abiotic Stress in Plants
		3.1 Jasmonates Signalling Pathway in Response to Abiotic Stresses in Plants
		3.2 Salicylates Signaling Pathway in Response to Abiotic Stresses in Plants
	4 Molecular Mechanism of Jasmonates and Salicylates-Induced Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Higher Plants
		4.1 Salicylic Acid (SA)
		4.2 Jasmonic Acids (JAs)
	5 Conclusion
	References
Salicylic Acid and Jasmonic Acid in Generating Salt Stress-Tolerant Plants
	1 Introduction
	2 Metabolism and Transportation of SA
		2.1 Metabolism of SA
		2.2 Transportation of SA
	3 Metabolism and Transportation of JA
		3.1 Metabolism of JA
		3.2 Transportation of JA
	4 Protective Role of SA During Salt Stress
	5 Protective Role of JA During Salt Stress
	6 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
	References
Role of Jasmonic and Salicylic Acid Signaling in Plants Under UV-B Stress
	1 Introduction
	2 Role of Jasmonic Acid Under UV-B stress in Plants
	3 Footprints of UV-B Stress in Plants: Salicylic Acid (SA) Induced Signalling
		3.1 Fate of SA in Plants Under UV-B
	4 Antagonistic/Complementary role of JA and SA in Plants Under UV-B Stress
	5 Conclusion
	References
Plant Responses to Exogenous Salicylic and Jasmonic Acids Under Drought Stress
	1 Introduction
	2 The Roles of Salicylic and Jasmonic Acids in Drought Sressed Plants
		2.1 Oxidative Stress Tolerance
		2.2 Osmotic Stress Tolerance
		2.3 Photosynthetic Activities
		2.4 Biosynthesis of Secondary Metabolites
		2.5 Plant Growth and Productivity
	3 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
	References
Role of Jasmonic Acid and Salicylic Acid Signaling in Secondary Metabolite Production
	1 Introduction
	2 Signaling at a Glance
		2.1 Jasmonic Acid (JA) Signaling
		2.2 Salicylic Acid (SA) Signaling
	3 Signaling and Effect on Secondary Metabolite Production
		3.1 Effect of Jasmonic Acid (JA) on Biosynthesis of Secondary Metabolites
		3.2 Effect of Salicylic Acid (SA) on Biosynthesis of Secondary Metabolites
	4 Jasmonic Acid (JA) and Salicylic Acid Signaling in Alteration of Gene Expression
	5 Future Prospects
	6 Conclusion
	References
Role of Jasmonates and Salicylates in Plant Allelopathy
	1 Introduction
	2 Allelopathy in Plants
	3 Phytohormones in Plant Allelopathy
	4 Jasmonates
	5 Salicylates
	6 Conclusion
	References
Jasmonate: A Versatile Messenger in Plants
	1 Introduction
	2 Occurrence
	3 Biosynthesis of JA
		3.1 Biosynthesis Overview
		3.2 Detailed Process of JA Biosynthesis
	4 Chloroplast-Based Reactions
	5 Peroxisomal Reactions
		5.1 Cytoplasm-Based Modifications
	6 Regulation of JA Biosynthesis
	7 JA Signaling
	8 Physiological Roles
	9 Seed Germination and Seedling Growth
	10 Root Growth Inhibition
	11 Trichome Formation
	12 JA in Tuber Formation and Nodulation
	13 Senescence
	14 JA in Plant Reproduction
	15 JA in Growth Versus Defense
	16 JA in Biotic Stress
		16.1 Plant Response to Biotic Injury
		16.2 Plant JA to Insects
		16.3 Plant JA to Pathogens
	17 Concluding Remarks and Future Prospective
	References
The Crucial Role of Jasmonates in Enhancing Heavy Metals Tolerance in Plants
	1 Introduction
	2 Jasmonates Biosynthesis and Metabolism
	3 The Interplay of Jasmonates for Enhancing Heavy Metals Tolerance
		3.1 Cadmium Toxicity
		3.2 Nickel Toxicity
		3.3 Arsenic Toxicity
		3.4 Boron Toxicity
		3.5 Copper Toxicity
		3.6 Lead Toxicity
		3.7 Aluminum Toxicity
	4 Potential of JA-Mediated Antioxidant Defense for Heavy Metal Tolerance
	5 Cross-Talk and Interaction With Other Phytohormones Under Metal Toxicity
	6 Conclusion and Future Directions
	References
Jasmonates: The Fine-Tuning Bio-regulators and Their Crosstalk with Plant Reproductive Biology
	1 Introduction
	2 Biosynthesis and Metabolism of JA
	3 JA-Mediated Crosstalk with Other PGRs (Phytohormone)
	4 Function of Jasmonic Acid in Plant Developmental Processes
	5 Functions of Jasmonic Acid in Plant Reproductive Biology
		5.1 Stamen Development
		5.2 Female Reproductive Organs
		5.3 Expansion of Flower Petals in Arabidopsis thaliana
		5.4 Sex Determination in Zea mays
		5.5 Regulation of Embryo/Seed Development
		5.6 How JA Affects Seed Germination in Plants
		5.7 Late Flowering in Arabidopsis thaliana
	6 Conclusion
	References
Role of Jasmonates in Pathogenesis and Crosstalk of Jasmonates with Other Hormones
	1 Introduction
	2 Role of Jasmonate in Pathogenesis
		2.1 Fungus as Pathogen
		2.2 Nematode as the Pathogen
		2.3 Virus as the Pathogen
		2.4 Herbivore Insect
	3 The Crosstalk Between Jasmonate and Other Plant Hormones Signalling
		3.1 Crosstalk Between Jasmonic Acid (JA) and Salicylic Acid (SA)
		3.2 Crosstalk Between Jasmonate and Gibberellic Acid
	4 Conclusion
	References
Methyl Jasmonate and Its Application for Improving Postharvest Quality of Fruits
	1 Introduction
	2 Synthesis and Role in Plant System
	3 Pre-harvest Effect of MeJA
	4 Postharvest Effects of MeJA
	5 Role of MeJA in Chilling Stress
	6 Application Methods in Postharvest Fruits
	7 Effect of MeJA on Nutritional Quality of Fruits
	8 Effect of MeJA on Shelf Life and Quality
	9 Effect of MeJA on Restraining Postharvest Diseases
	10 Conclusion and Future Aspects
	References
Salicylic Acid Signalling Under Stress Conditions in Plants
	1 Introduction
	2 What Are the Current Research Directions and the Latest Results on the Topic?
	3 Potential Use of SA in Practical Agriculture
	4 If the Mechanism Is More or Less Well-Known, and the Practical Use Has Also Been Started, What Is Next? What Trends Can Be Expected for SA in Future Research?
	5 Conclusions
	References
Function of Mediator in Regulating Salicylic Acid Mediated Signaling and Responses in Plants
	1 Mediator
		1.1 Role of Mediator in Transcription
		1.2 Modular Organization of Mediator
		1.3 Mediator in Plants
	2 Role of Mediator in General Plant Growth and Development
	3 Role of Mediator in Plant Stress Signaling and Responses
	4 Functional Analysis of Mediator Subunits Involved in SA Signaling
		4.1 MED19
		4.2 MED14
		4.3 MED15
		4.4 MED16
		4.5 MED5
		4.6 CDK8, MED12 and MED13
	5 Conclusion and Future Perspective
	References
The Hidden Pathways Affecting Salicylic Acid Signaling in Plants
	1 Introduction
	2 SA Binding Proteins (SABP)
	3 NPRs, ICSs and PALs
	4 PAD4, EDS1 and SAG101 Proteins
	5 Thioredoxins (TRX)
	6 Glutathione S-Transferase
	7 Gapdh
	8 HMGB3—DAMP Protein
	9 GH3—Acyl Acid Amido Synthetase
	10 Alpha-Ketoglutarate Dehydrogenase—Krebs Cycle Enzyme
	11 MORC Proteins—Epigenetic Regulation
	12 Thimet Oligopeptidases + Tripeptidyl-Peptidase (TPP) II Exopeptidase—Proteolysis
	13 Molecular Mechanisms of SA-Protein Interactions
	14 Conclusions and Future Prospects
	References
Salicylic Acid (SA): Its Interaction with Different Molecules in the Stress Tolerance Signaling Pathways
	1 Introduction
	2 SA Biosynthesis/ Metabolism
		2.1 PAL Pathway
		2.2 ICS Pathway
	3 Physiological Role of SA in Plants
		3.1 Role of SA in Seed Germination
		3.2 Role of SA on Photosynthetic Activity
		3.3 Role of SA on Nitrogen Metabolism
		3.4 Role of SA on Flowering
		3.5 Role of SA on Senescence
	4 Regulatory Role of SA in Different Kind of Stress Conditions
		4.1 Biotic Stress Conditions
		4.2 Abiotic Stress Conditions
	5 Signaling Role of SA with Other Molecules
		5.1 Abscisic Acid (ABA)
		5.2 Ethylene/ Jasmonic Acid
		5.3 Nitric Oxide and Hydrogen Peroxide
	6 Transport of SA and Its Regulation in Gene Expression
		6.1 SA Induced Gene Expression Under Abiotic Stress
		6.2 SA Induced Gene Expression Against Pathogenesis
	7 Conclusions and Future Perspective
	References