Jacaranda Key Concepts in VCE Health and Human Development: VCE Units 3 & 4

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Title
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Contents
About the authors
About this resource
Acknowledgements
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	Exam terminology
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	UNIT 3 Australia’s health in a globalised world
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	1 Concepts of health and wellbeing
		1.1 Overview
		1.2 Concepts of health and wellbeing and illness
			1.2.1 What is health and wellbeing?
			1.2.2 Illness
		1.3 Dimensions of health and wellbeing
			1.3.1 Physical health and wellbeing
			1.3.2 Social health and wellbeing
			1.3.3 Emotional health and wellbeing
			1.3.4 Mental health and wellbeing
			1.3.5 Spiritual health and wellbeing
		1.4 Interrelationships between the dimensions of health and wellbeing
		1.5 Optimal health and wellbeing as a resource
			1.5.1 Importance of health and wellbeing as a resource individually
			1.5.2 Importance of health and wellbeing as a resource nationally
			1.5.3 Importance of health and wellbeing as a resource globally
		1.6 Prerequisites for health: peace, shelter, education and food
			1.6.1 Peace
			1.6.2 Shelter
			1.6.3 Education
			1.6.4 Food
		1.7 Prerequisites for health: income, a stable ecosystem,sustainable resources, social justice and equity
			1.7.1 Income
			1.7.2 A stable ecosystem
			1.7.3 Sustainable resources
			1.7.4 Social justice
			1.7.5 Equity
		1.8 KEY SKILLS
			1.8.1 Explain the dynamic and subjective nature of the concepts of health and wellbeing and illness
			1.8.2 Describe interrelationships between dimensions of health and wellbeing
			1.8.3 Explain the individual and collective importance of healthand wellbeing as a resource
			1.8.4 Describe global benefits of the pursuit of optimal health and wellbeing
			1.8.5 Identify the WHO’s prerequisites for health and explain their links to improved health outcomes
		1.9 Review
			1.9.1 Topic summary
			1.9.2 Key terms
			1.9.3 Extended response: build your exam skills
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	2 Measuringhealth status
		2.1 Overview
		2.2 Self-assessed health status and life expectancy
			2.2.1 Self-assessed health status
			2.2.2 Life expectancy and health-adjusted life expectancy
		2.3 Mortality
			2.3.1 Infant mortality rates
			2.3.2 Under-five mortality rate
			2.3.3 Maternal mortality rate
		2.4 Morbidity
			2.4.1 Morbidity requiring care
		2.5 Burden of disease
			2.5.1 Years of life lost (YLL)
			2.5.2 Years lost due to disability (YLD)
			2.5.3 Burden of disease in Australia
			2.5.4 Trends in burden of disease
		2.6 KEY SKILLS
			2.6.1 Describe and apply indicators used to measure health status
			2.6.2 Use data to describe and evaluate the health status of Australian
		2.7 Review
			2.7.1 Topic summary
			2.7.2 Key terms
			2.7.3 Extended response: build your exam skills
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	Topic 3: Factors influencing health status and burden of disease
		3.1 Overview
		3.2 Smoking
			3.2.1 Introduction
			3.2.2 Rates and risk factors of smoking
		3.3 Alcohol
			3.3.1 Alcohol and alcohol use disorders
		3.4 High body mass index
		3.5 Underconsumption of vegetables, fruit and dairy foods
			3.5.1 Underconsumption of vegetables
			3.5.2 Underconsumption of fruit
			3.5.3 Underconsumption of dairy
		3.6 Dietary risks of high intake of fat, salt and sugar
			3.6.1 High intake of fat
			3.6.2 High intake of salt
			3.6.3 High intake of sugar
		3.7 Dietary risks of low intake of fibre and iron
			3.7.1 Low intake of fibre
			3.7.2 Low intake of iron
		3.8 Review
			3.8.1 Topic summary
			3.8.2 Key terms
			3.8.3 Extended response: build your exam skills
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	4 Variations in healthstatus betweenpopulation groups
		4.1 Overview
		4.2 Biological factors contributing to variations in health status
			4.2.1 Body weight
			4.2.2 Blood pressure
			4.2.3 Blood cholesterol
			4.2.4 Glucose regulation
			4.2.5 Birth weight
			4.2.6 Genetics
		4.3 Sociocultural factors contributing to variations in health status
			4.3.1 Socioeconomic status
			4.3.2 Unemployment
			4.3.3 Social connections and social exclusion
			4.3.4 Social isolation
			4.3.5 Cultural norms
			4.3.6 Food security
			4.3.7 Early life experiences
			4.3.8 Access to healthcare
		4.4 Environmental factors contributing to variations in health status
			4.4.1 Housing
			4.4.2 Work environment
			4.4.3 Urban design and infrastructure
			4.4.4 Climate and climate change
		4.5 Differences between Indigenous and non-Indigenous population groups
			4.5.1 Key differences in health status
			4.5.2 Factors contributing to variations in the health status of Indigenous Australians
		4.6 Differences between male and female population groups
			4.6.1 Key differences in health status
			4.6.2 Factors contributing to variations in the health status between males and females
		4.7 Differences between high and low socioeconomic status population groups
			4.7.1 Key differences in health status
			4.7.2 Factors contributing to variations in health status between those with high and low socioeconomic status
		4.8 Differences between those living within and outside of Australia’s major cities
			4.8.1 Key differences in health status
			4.8.2 Factors contributing to variations in health status for those living within and outside of Australia’s major cities
		4.9 KEY SKILLS
			4.9.1 Analyse patterns in morbidity and mortality in Australia over time
			4.9.2 Analyse health information to explain factors that contribute to variations in health status between population groups
		4.10 Review
			4.10.1 Topic summary
			4.10.2 Key terms
			4.10.3 Extended response: build your exam skills
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	5 Changes in Australia’s health status
		5.1 Overview
		5.2 Changes in Australia’s health status over time
			5.2.1 Life expectancy
			5.2.2 Patterns of mortality
		5.3 Policy and practice relating to the ‘old public health’ and Australia’s health status
			5.3.1 Old public health
			5.3.2 Policies and practices associated with the old public health
			5.3.3 The discovery of vaccines
			5.3.4 The shift to health promotion
		5.4 The biomedical approach to health
			5.4.1 The biomedical approach to health
			5.4.2 Advantages and disadvantages of the biomedical approach to health
		5.5 Development of new public health and the social model of health
			5.5.1 New public health
			5.5.2 Principles of the social model of health
			5.5.3 Advantages and disadvantages of the social model of health
		5.6 The Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion
			5.6.1 Strategies for health promotion
			5.6.2 Action areas of the Ottawa Charter
		5.7 Improving health status using the social and biomedical approaches to health
			5.7.1 Lung cancer
		5.8 KEY SKILLS
			5.8.1 Analyse data that show improvements in health over time and draw conclusions about reasons for improvements
			5.8.2 Analyse the strengths and limitations of biomedical and social models of health in bringing about improvements in health status
		5.9 Review
			5.9.1 Topic summary
			5.9.2 Key terms
			5.9.3 Extended response: build your exam skills
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	6 Australia’s health system
		6.1 Overview
		6.2 Medicare
			6.2.1 Medicare
			6.2.2 What does Medicare cover?
			6.2.3 What is not covered by Medicare?
			6.2.4 The advantages and disadvantages of Medicare
			6.2.5 How is Medicare funded?
		6.3 The Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme and the National Disability Insurance Scheme
			6.3.1 Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS)
			6.3.2 National Disability Insurance Scheme (NDIS)
		6.4 Private health insurance
			6.4.1 Private health insurance incentives
			6.4.2 The advantages and disadvantages of private health insurance
		6.5 Funding and sustainability and the role ofAustralia’s health system
			6.5.1 Funding
			6.5.2 Sustainability
		6.6 Access and equity and the role of Australia’s health system
			6.6.1 Access
			6.6.2 Equity
		6.7 KEY SKILLS
			6.7.1 Analyse the role of Medicare, private health insurance, the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme and the National Disability Insurance Scheme in promoting Australia’s health
		6.8 Review
			6.8.1 Topic summary
			6.8.2 Key terms
			6.8.3 Extended response: build your exam skills
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	7 Targets of healthpromotion in Australia
		7.1 Overview
		7.2 Smoking and the role of health promotion in improving population health
			7.2.1 Why is smoking targeted?
			7.2.2 Effectiveness of health promotion in promoting populationhealth — smoking
		7.3 Road safety and the role of health promotion in improving population health
			7.3.1 Why is road safety targeted?
			7.3.2 Effectiveness of health promotion in promoting population health — road safety
		7.4 Skin cancer and the role of health promotion in improving population health
			7.4.1 Why is skin cancer targeted?
			7.4.2 Effectiveness of health promotion in promoting population health — skin cancer
		7.5 Initiatives to address Indigenous health and wellbeing
			7.5.1 Deadly Choices initiative
			7.5.2 Learn Earn Legend!
			7.5.3 The 2 Spirits program
			7.5.4 The Aboriginal Road to Good Health program
			7.5.5 Tackling Indigenous Smoking (TIS) initiative
			7.5.6 Aboriginal Quitline
			7.5.7 Feedin’ the Mob
			7.5.8 Fitzroy Stars
			7.5.9 Evaluating initiatives in relation to their capacity to improve Indigenous health and wellbeing
		7.6 The Australian Dietary Guidelines
			7.6.1 The Australian Dietary Guidelines
		7.7 The work of Nutrition Australia
			7.7.1 Nutrition Australia
			7.7.2 Educational resources
		7.8 The challenges in bringing about dietary change
			7.8.1 Personal preference
			7.8.2 Attitudes and beliefs
			7.8.3 Willpower
			7.8.4 Food security
			7.8.5 Time constraints and convenience
			7.8.6 Education, nutrition knowledge and cooking skills
			7.8.7 Family, culture, society and religion
			7.8.8 Food marketing and media
			7.8.9 Health and wellbeing factors
		7.9 KEY SKILLS
			7.9.1 Apply the action areas of the Ottawa Charter for HealthPromotion to a range of data and case studies
			7.9.2 Evaluate initiatives in terms of their capacity to improveIndigenous health and wellbeing
			7.9.3 Draw conclusions as to why dietary improvements are difficultto achieve in Australia
		7.10 Review
			7.10.1 Topic summary
			7.10.2 Key terms
			7.10.3 Extended response: build your exam skills
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	UNIT 4 Health and human development in a global context
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	8 Comparing health status and burden of disease across countries
		8.1 Overview
		8.2 Economic characteristics of high-, middle- andlow-income countries
			8.2.1 Classifying countries
			8.2.2 Characteristics of high-, middle- and low-income countries
		8.3 Social and environmental characteristics of high-, middle- and low-income countries
			8.3.1 Social characteristics
			8.3.2 Environmental characteristics
		8.4 Similarities and differences in health status and burden of disease in low-, middle- and high-income countries
			8.4.1 Life expectancy
			8.4.2 Mortality and morbidity
			8.4.3 Burden of disease
		8.5 Access to safe water and sanitation as factors affecting health status and burden of disease
			8.5.1 Access to safe water
			8.5.2 Access to sanitation
		8.6 Poverty as a factor affecting health status and burden of disease
			8.6.1 What is poverty?
			8.6.2 How poverty affects health status and burden of disease
		8.7 Inequality and discrimination as factors affecting health status and burden of disease
			8.7.1 Race and its affect on health status and burden of disease
			8.7.2 Religion and its affect on health status and burden of disease
			8.7.3 Sex and its affect on health status and burden of disease
			8.7.4 Sexual orientation and its affect on health status and burden of disease
			8.7.5 Gender identity and its affect on health status and burden of disease
		8.8 Global distribution and marketing of tobacco, alcohol and processed foods as factors affecting health status and burden of disease
			8.8.1 Tobacco
			8.8.2 Alcohol
			8.8.3 Processed foods
		8.9 KEY SKILLS
			8.9.1 Describe characteristics of high-, middle-, and low-income countries
			8.9.2 Evaluate data to analyse similarities and differences between countries in relation to health status and burden of disease
			8.9.3 Analyse factors that contribute to health status and burden of disease in different countries and discuss their impact on health and wellbeing
			8.9.4 Compare health data and other information to analyse reasons for health inequalities within and between nations
		8.10 Review
			8.10.1 Topic summary
			8.10.2 Key terms
			8.10.3 Extended response: build your exam skills
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	9 Sustainability andhuman development
		9.1 Overview
		9.2 The economic dimension of sustainability
			9.2.1 Sustainability
			9.2.2 Economic sustainability
		9.3 The social dimension of sustainability
			9.3.1 Elimination of poverty and the provision of social protection systems
			9.3.2 Gender equality
			9.3.3 Access to safe and decent working conditions
			9.3.4 Promotion of political and legal rights
			9.3.5 Peace and security
		9.4 The environmental dimension of sustainability
			9.4.1 Biodiversity
			9.4.2 Use of natural resources
			9.4.3 Waste removal and pollution
			9.4.4 Climate change
			9.4.5 Interrelationships between the three dimensions of sustainability
		9.5 The concept of human development
			9.5.1 Case study in human development
		9.6 The advantages and limitations of the Human Development Index
			9.6.1 Advantages of the HDI
			9.6.2 Limitations of the HDI
		9.7 KEY SKILLS
			9.7.1 Explain sustainability (environmental, social, economic) and its importance in the promotion of health and wellbeing in a global context
			9.7.2 Explain the Human Development Index and evaluate its usefulness in measuring human development of countries
		9.8 Review
			9.8.1 Topic summary
			9.8.2 Key terms
			9.8.3 Extended response: build your exam skills
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	10 Global trends andhealth and wellbeing
		10.1 Overview
		10.2 The implications for health and wellbeing ofclimate change
			10.2.1 Climate change and extreme weather events
			10.2.2 Rising sea levels
			10.2.3 Impact of rising sea levels on health andwellbeing
			10.2.4 Changing weather patterns and extreme weather events
		10.3 The implications for health and wellbeing of conflict and mass migration
			10.3.1 Conflict
			10.3.2 Mass migration
		10.4 The implications for health and wellbeing of world trade and tourism
			10.4.1 World trade
			10.4.2 Tourism
			10.4.3 Why is tourism important?
			10.4.4 The challenges of tourism
		10.5 The implications for health and wellbeing of digital technologies
			10.5.1 The challenges of digital technologies
		10.6 KEY SKILLS
			10.6.1 Analyse the implications for health and wellbeing of particular global trends
		10.7 Review
			10.7.1 Topic summary
			10.7.2 Key terms
			10.7.3 Extended response question: build your exam skills
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	11 Sustainable Development Goals and the World Health Organization
		11.1 Overview
		11.2 Objectives and rationale for the Sustainable Development Goals and key features of SDG 3
			11.2.1 What are the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)?
			11.2.2 Rationale for the SDGs
			11.2.3 Objectives of the SDGs
			11.2.4 The Sustainable Development Goals are interconnected
			11.2.5 SDG 3: Good health and wellbeing
		11.3 Key features of Sustainable Development Goal 3: Good health and wellbeing
		11.4 SDG 3 Key feature of maternal and child health and wellbeing
			11.4.1 Reduce maternal mortality
			11.4.2 End preventable deaths of newborns and children under five
		11.5 SDG 3 Key feature of communicable diseases
			11.5.1 AIDS
			11.5.2 Malaria
			11.5.3 Tuberculosis
			11.5.4 Neglected tropical diseases
			11.5.5 Hepatitis
		11.6 SDG 3 Key feature of non-communicable diseases
			11.6.1 Non-communicable diseases
			11.6.2 Mental health and wellbeing
			11.6.3 Road traffic accidents
			11.6.4 Drug and alcohol misuse
			11.6.5 Hazardous chemicals and air, water and soil pollution and contamination
		11.7 The relationships between SDG 3 and SDG 1
			11.7.1 The meaning of SDG 1
			11.7.2 Links between SDG 1 and SDG 3
		11.8 The relationships between SDG 3 and SDG 2
			11.8.1 The meaning of SDG 2
			11.8.2 Links between SDG 2 and SDG 3
		11.9 The relationships between SDG 3 and SDG 4
			11.9.1 The meaning of SDG 4
			11.9.2 Links between SDG 4 and SDG 3
		11.10 The relationships between SDG 3 and SDG 5
			11.10.1 The meaning of SDG 5
			11.10.2 Links between SDG 5 and SDG 3
		11.11 The relationships between SDG 3 and SDG 6
			11.11.1 The meaning of SDG 6
			11.11.2 Links between SDG 6 and SDG 3
		11.12 The relationships between SDG 3 and SDG 13
			11.12.1 The meaning of SDG 13
			11.12.2 Links between SDG 13 and SDG 3
		11.13 The UN’s Sustainable Development Goals and the World Health Organization
			11.13.1 The work of the World Health Organization
			11.13.2 The World Health Organization’s priorities
		11.14 KEY SKILLS
			11.14.1 Describe the objectives of the UN’s Sustainable Development Goals and justify their importance
			11.14.2 Describe key features of SDG 3 and analyse its relationships with other SDGs in collaborative approaches to improving health and wellbeing, and human development globally
			11.14.3 Explain the priorities and the work of the WHO and discuss how the WHO priorities are reflected in different scenarios
		11.15 Review
			11.15.1 Topic summary
			11.15.2 Key terms
			11.15.3 Extended response: build your exam skills
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	12 Australian aid and non-government organisations (NGOs)
		12.1 Overview
		12.2 Types of aid
			12.2.1 Different types of aid
			12.2.2 Aid provided by non-government organisations (NGOs)
		12.3 The features of Australia’s aid program
			12.3.1 Features of the Australian government’s aid program
			12.3.2 Types of aid provided by the Australian government
		12.4 The Australian government’s aid priorities
			12.4.1 Infrastructure, trade facilitation and international competitiveness
			12.4.2 Education and health
			12.4.3 Gender equality and empowering women and girls
			12.4.4 Building resilience: humanitarian assistance, disaster risk reduction and social protection
			12.4.5 Effective governance: policies, institutions and functioning economies
			12.4.6 Agriculture, fisheries and water
		12.5 World Vision and its role in promoting health and wellbeing and human development globally
			12.5.1 World Vision
		12.5.2 How World Vision promotes health and wellbeing and human development globally
		12.6 Red Cross and its role in promoting health and wellbeing and human development globally
			12.6.1 The Red Cross
			12.6.2 How the Red Cross promotes health and wellbeing and human development globally
		12.7 Oxfam and its role in promoting health and wellbeing and human development globally
			12.7.1 Oxfam
			12.7.2 How Oxfam promotes health and wellbeing and human development globally
		12.8 KEY SKILLS
			12.8.1 Describe and justify different types of aid
			12.8.2 Explain and evaluate the role of NGOs in promoting health and wellbeing, and human development globally
		12.9 Review
			12.9.1 Topic summary
			12.9.2 Key terms
			12.9.3 Extended response: build your exam skills
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	13 Programs addressing the Sustainable Development Goals
		13.1 Overview
		13.2 Features of effective aid programs
			13.2.1 Features of effective aid
		13.3 Programs to address the SDGs including SDG 1 No poverty
			13.3.1 The Nuton Jibon Livelihood Improvement Program in Bangladesh
			13.3.2 How the program promotes health and wellbeing and human development
		13.4 Aid programs addressing SDG 2 Zero hunger
			13.4.1 Agricultural Productivity and Food Security Program in Burkina Faso
			13.4.2 How the program promotes health and wellbeing and human development
		13.5 Aid programs addressing SDG 3 Good health and wellbeing
			13.5.1 Sexual and reproductive health and wellbeing
			13.5.2 Evidence Action: Deworm the World program
			13.5.3 Tobacco Control program in the Philippines
		13.6 Aid programs addressing SDG 4 Quality education
			13.6.1 Using radio and mobile phones to improve children’s literacy in Zambia — ‘The way we live’ program
			13.6.2 How the program promotes health and wellbeing and human development
		13.7 Aid programs addressing SDG 5 Gender equality
			13.7.1 India’s Barefoot College solar engineering program
			13.7.2 How the program promotes health and wellbeing and human development
		13.8 Aid programs addressing SDG 6 Clean water and sanitation
			13.8.1 Water for communities in Ghana
			13.8.2 How the program promotes health and wellbeing and human development
		13.9 Aid programs addressing SDG 13 Climate action
			13.9.1 Kiribati Adaptation Program — water, water everywhere
			13.9.2 How the program promotes health and wellbeing and human development
		13.10 Taking social action
			13.10.1 Ways of taking social action
			13.10.2 Social action and the Sustainable Development Goals
			13.10.3 Social enterprises and purchasing power
		13.11 KEY SKILLS
			13.11.1 Analyse and evaluate the effectiveness of aid programs in promoting health and wellbeing, and human development
			13.11.2 Describe and justify ways of taking social action to promote health and wellbeing
		13.12 Review
			13.12.1 Topic summary
			13.12.2 Key terms
			13.12.3 Extended response: build your exam skills
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	GLOSSARY