Jacaranda Chemistry 2 VCE Units 3 and 4 2E

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UNIT 3 HOW CAN CHEMICAL PROCESSES BE DESIGNED TO OPTIMISE EFFICIENCY?
	TOPIC 1 Obtaining energy from fuels
		1.1 Overview
			1.1.1 Introduction
			1.1.2 What you will learn
		1.2 Fossil fuels and biofuels
			1.2.1 What is a fuel?
			1.2.2 Distinction between a fossil fuel and a biofuel
			1.2.3 Renewable and non-renewable resources
			1.2.4 Origin of fossil fuels
			1.2.5 Origin of biofuels
		1.3 Combustion of fuels
			1.3.1 What is energy?
			1.3.2 Different forms of energy
			1.3.3 Energy conversions
			1.3.4 Energy efficiency
			1.3.5 Energy changes in reactions
			1.3.6 Exothermic and endothermic reactions
			1.3.7 Units of energy
		1.4 Thermochemical equations
			1.4.1 Writing balanced thermochemical equations
			1.4.2 Combustion of hydrocarbons, methanol and ethanol
			1.4.3 Calculating ΔH values from two or more related reactions
		1.5 Gaseous fuels and the universal gas equation
			1.5.1 Working with gases
			1.5.2 Gas behaviour
			1.5.3 Laws to describe the behaviour of gases
			1.5.4 Standard laboratory conditions (SLC)
			1.5.5 Molar gas volume and Avogadro’s hypothesis
			1.5.6 The universal gas equation
		1.6 Calculations related to the combustion of fuels
			1.6.1 Mass–volume calculations
			1.6.2 Volume–volume calculations
			1.6.3 Applying volume stoichiometry to thermochemistry
			1.6.4 Mass–mass calculations
			1.6.5 Fuels and greenhouse gases
		1.7 Calculating heat energy using the specific heat capacity of water
			1.7.1 Specific heat capacity
			1.7.2 Using specific heat capacity in calculations
		1.8 Review
			1.8.1 Summary
			1.8.2 Key terms
			1.8.3 Practical work and investigations
	TOPIC 2 Fuel choices
		2.1 Overview
			2.1.1 Introduction
			2.1.2 What you will learn
		2.2 Comparing energy sources
			2.2.1 Generating energy in Australia
			2.2.2 The effect of fossil fuels on the environment
			2.2.3 Sustainable energy
			2.2.4 Properties of fossil fuels and biofuels
		2.3 Suitability of fuels for transport
			2.3.1 Comparing petrodiesel and biodiesel
		2.4 Review
			2.4.1 Summary
			2.4.2 Key terms
	TOPIC 3 Galvanic cells as a source of energy
		3.1 Overview
			3.1.1 Introduction
			3.1.2 What you will learn
		3.2 Redox reactions and half-equations
			3.2.1 What is a redox reaction?
			3.2.2 Oxidation numbers
		3.3 Galvanic cells
			3.3.1 Common laboratory galvanic cells
			3.3.2 Comparison of energy transformations in redox reactions
		3.4 The electrochemical series
			3.4.1 Standard electrode potentials
			3.4.2 Use of standard half-cell reduction potentials
			3.4.3 Limitations of using the electrochemical series
			3.4.4 Common commercial cells and batteries
			3.4.5 Primary cells
			3.4.6 Lithium cells
		3.5 Review
			3.5.1 Summary
			3.5.2 Key terms
			3.5.3 Practical work and experiments
	TOPIC 4 Fuel cells as a source of energy
		4.1 Overview
			4.1.1 Introduction
			4.1.2 What you will learn
		4.2 Fuel cells
			4.2.1 What is a fuel cell?
			4.2.2 Where are fuel cells used?
			4.2.3 Fuel cell design
			4.2.4 Types of fuel cell
			4.2.5 Advantages and disadvantages of fuel cells
			4.2.6 Comparing fuels cells
			4.2.7 Comparison of fuel cells and the combustion of fuels
			4.2.8 Precautions for using hydrogen gas in fuel cells
			4.2.9 Environmental impact of using fuels cells
		4.3 Review
			4.3.1 Summary
			4.3.2 Key terms
			4.3.3 Practical work and investigations
	UNIT 3 | AREA OF STUDY 1 REVIEW: AREA OF STUDY 1 What are the options for energy production?
	TOPIC 5 Rate of chemical reactions
		5.1 Overview
			5.1.1 Introduction
			5.1.2 What you will learn
		5.2 How does a chemical reaction occur?
			5.2.1 Collision theory
			5.2.2 Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution curves
		5.3 Exothermic and endothermic reactions
			5.3.1 Enthalpy
			5.3.2 Energy profile diagrams
		5.4 Factors affecting the rate of a chemical reaction
			5.4.1 Concentration
			5.4.2 Gas pressure
			5.4.3 Temperature
			5.4.4 Surface area
		5.5 Catalysts and reaction rates
			5.5.1 Catalysts
		5.6 Review
			5.6.1 Summary
			5.6.2 Key terms
			5.6.3 Practical investigations
	TOPIC 
6 Extent of chemical reactions
		6.1 Overview
			6.1.1 Introduction
			6.1.2 What you will learn
		6.2 Reversible and irreversible reactions
			6.2.1 Reversible reactions
			6.2.2 The distinction between rate and extent of a reaction
		6.3 Homogenous equilibria
			6.3.1 Homogeneous and heterogeneous reactions
			6.3.2 The dynamic nature of equilibrium
			6.3.3 Dynamic equilibrium and collision theory
			6.3.4 Representing chemical equilibria
		6.4 Calculations involving equilibrium systems
			6.4.1 The equilibrium law and Kc values
			6.4.2 A closer look at equilibrium constants
			6.4.3 Using stoichiometry in equilibrium law calculations
			6.4.4 How can we tell if a reaction is at equilibrium?
		6.5 Measuring the efficiency of a reaction or process
			6.5.1 Percentage yield
			6.5.2 Green chemistry and atom economy
		6.6 Le Châtelier’s principle
			6.6.1 Making changes to equilibrium mixtures
			6.6.2 Introduction to Le Châtelier’s principle
			6.6.3 Adding or removing a substance that is involved in the reaction
			6.6.4 The effect of changing volume
			6.6.5 The effect of changing temperature
			6.6.6 Le Châtelier’s principle in industry
			6.6.7 An important biological application of Le Châtelier’s principle
		6.7 Review
			6.7.1 Summary
			6.7.2 Key terms
			6.7.3 Practical work and experiments
	TOPIC 7 Production of chemicals by electrolysis and rechargeable batteries
		7.1 Overview
			7.1.1 Introduction
			7.1.2 What you will learn
		7.2 What is electrolysis?
			7.2.1 The process of electrolysis
			7.2.2 Electrolysis of molten ionic compounds
			7.2.3 Electrolysis of water
			7.2.4 Electrolysis of aqueous solutions
		7.3 Predicting reactions that occur during electrolysis
			7.3.1 Using the electrochemical series
			7.3.2 Factors affecting electrolysis of solutions
		7.4 Commercial applications of electrolysis
			7.4.1 Producing aluminium
			7.4.2 The industrial electrolysis of brine
			7.4.3 Electroplating
		7.5 Comparing galvanic and electrolytic cells
			7.5.1 Similarities and differences between galvanic and electrolytic cells
		7.6 Calculations in electrolysis using Faraday’s Laws
			7.6.1 Faraday’s first law of electrolysis
			7.6.2 Faraday’s second law of electrolysis
			7.6.3 Applying Faraday’s Laws of electrolysis
		7.7 Rechargeable batteries (secondary cells)
			7.7.1 What is a secondary cell?
			7.7.2 Lead–acid accumulator
			7.7.3 Nickel–metal hydride (NiMH) rechargeable cell
			7.7.4 Factors affecting battery life
		7.8 Review
			7.8.1 Summary
			7.8.2 Key terms
			7.8.3 Practical work and experiments
	UNIT 3 | AREA OF STUDY 2 REVIEW: AREA OF STUDY 2 How can yield of processes be optimised?
UNIT 4 HOW ARE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS CATEGORISED, ANALYSED AND USED?
	TOPIC 8 Structure and nomenclature of organic compounds
		8.1 Overview
			8.1.1 Introduction
			8.1.2 What you will learn
		8.2 The carbon atom
			8.2.1 Carbon: a remarkable element
			8.2.2 Bonding
		8.3 Structure and naming of organic compounds
			8.3.1 Molecular modelling
			8.3.2 Hydrocarbons
			8.3.3 Functional groups
			8.3.4 Haloalkanes
			8.3.5 Alcohols
			8.3.6 Aldehydes
			8.3.7 Ketones
			8.3.8 Carboxylic acids
			8.3.9 Amines and amides
			8.3.10 Esters
			8.3.11 Functional group summary
		8.4 Functional groups and naming priority
			8.4.1 Naming compounds with two functional groups
		8.5 Isomers
			8.5.1 Introduction to isomers
			8.5.2 Structural (constitutional) isomers
			8.5.3 Stereoisomers
			8.5.4 Isomer summary
		8.6 Review
			8.6.1 Summary
			8.6.2 Key terms
			8.6.3 Practical work and experiments
	TOPIC 9 Categories, properties and reactions of organic compounds
		9.1 Overview
			9.1.1 Introduction
			9.1.2 What you will learn
		9.2 Explaining trends in physical properties
			9.2.1 Intermolecular forces
			9.2.2 Physical properties
			9.2.3 Trends in homologous series
		9.3 Organic reactions
			9.3.1 Addition reactions of alkenes
			9.3.2 Substitution reactions
			9.3.3 Reactions of alcohols
			9.3.4 Reactions of carboxylic acids
			9.3.5 Hydrolysis reactions of esters
		9.4 Reaction pathways
			9.4.1 Measuring reaction efficiency
			9.4.2 Reaction pathway summary
		9.5 Review
			9.5.1 Summary
			9.5.2 Key terms
			9.5.3 Practical work and experiments
	TOPIC 10 Analysis of organic compounds
		10.1 Overview
			10.1.1 Introduction
			10.1.2 What you will learn
		10.2 Mass spectrometry
			10.2.1 Principles of mass spectroscopy
		10.3 Infrared spectroscopy
			10.3.1 Principles of infrared spectroscopy
		10.4 NMR spectroscopy
			10.4.1 Principles of NMR spectroscopy
			10.4.2 Chemical shift and NMR spectra
			10.4.3 Applications of NMR spectroscopy
			10.4.4 13C NMR spectroscopy
			10.4.5 1H NMR spectroscopy
		10.5 Combining spectroscopic techniques
			10.5.1 Combining spectroscopic techniques
		10.6 Chromatography
			10.6.1 Principles of chromatography
			10.6.2 High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)
		10.7 Volumetric analysis by titratio
			10.7.1 Volumetric analysis procedure
			10.7.2 Acid–base titration
			10.7.3 Redox titration
		10.8 Review
			10.8.1 Summary
			10.8.2 Key terms
			10.8.3 Practical work and experiments
	UNIT 4 | AREA OF STUDY 1 REVIEW: AREA OF STUDY 1 How can the diversity of carbon compounds be explained and categorised?
	TOPIC 11 Key food molecules
		11.1 Overview
			11.1.1 Introduction
			11.1.2 What you will learn
		11.2 Proteins
			11.2.1 What are proteins?
			11.2.2 Formation of dipeptides and polypeptides
			11.2.3 Structure of proteins
			11.2.4 Essential and non-essential amino acids
		11.3 Carbohydrates
			11.3.1 Introduction to carbohydrates
			11.3.2 Formation of disaccharides from monosaccharides
			11.3.3 Polysaccharides
			11.3.4 Structures and energy content
		11.4 Fats and oils
			11.4.1 Structural features of fats and oils
		11.5 Vitamins
			11.5.1 Vital vitamins
			11.5.2 Water-soluble vitamins
			11.5.3 Fat-soluble vitamins
		11.6 Review
			11.6.1 Summary
			11.6.2 Key terms
			11.6.3 Practical work and investigations
	TOPIC 12 Metabolism of food in the human body
		12.1 Overview
			12.1.1 Introduction
			12.1.2 What you will learn
		12.2 Metabolism of food
			12.2.1 Review of digestion
			12.2.2 The chemical process of digestion
		12.3 Enzymes as protein catalysts
			12.3.1 What are enzymes?
			12.3.2 Enzymes and optical isomers
			12.3.3 Enzyme models
			12.3.4 Factors affecting denaturation and the function of enzymes
			12.3.5 Effect of changes in pH on enzyme activity
			12.3.6 Effect of changes in temperature on enzyme activity
			12.3.7 Use of reaction rates to measure enzyme activity
		12.4 Denaturation and hydrolysis of proteins
			12.4.1 Denaturation and coagulation of proteins
			12.4.2 Hydrolysis of proteins
		12.5 Carbohydrates
			12.5.1 Starch and cellulose
			12.5.2 Lactose intolerance
			12.5.3 Glycaemic index of foods
		12.6 Fats and oils
			12.6.1 Hydrolysis of fats and oils
			12.6.2 Oxidative rancidity
		12.7 Coenzymes
			12.7.1 Coenzyme principles
		12.8 Review
			12.8.1 Summary
			12.8.2 Key terms
			12.8.3 Practical work and investigations
	TOPIC 13 Energy content of food
		13.1 Overview
			13.1.1 Introduction
			13.1.2 What you will learn
		13.2 Energy values of carbohydrates, proteins and fats and oils
			13.2.1 Comparing energy values of foods
		13.3 Glucose—the primary energy source
			13.3.1 Cellular respiration
		13.4 Principles of calorimetry
			13.4.1 Measuring the energy content of food
			13.4.2 Calibrating a calorimeter
			13.4.3 Solution calorimetry
			13.4.4 Bomb calorimetry
			13.4.5 Temperature–time graphs
		13.5 Review
			13.5.1 Summary
			13.5.2 Key terms
			13.5.3 Practical work and investigations
	UNIT 4 | AREA OF STUDY 2 REVIEW: AREA OF STUDY 2 What is the chemistry of food?
	TOPIC 14 Practical investigation
		14.1 Overview
			14.1.1 Introduction
			14.1.2 What you will learn
		14.2 Key science skills in chemistry
			14.2.1 The scientific method: why do we conduct investigations?
			14.2.2 Using a logbook
			14.2.3 Variables
			14.2.4 Developing aims and questions
			14.2.5 Formulating hypotheses and making predictions
			14.2.6 Planning and undertaking experiments
		14.3 Concepts specific to investigations
			14.3.1 Concepts specific to investigations
			14.3.2 Key terms
			14.3.3 Chemical representations
		14.4 Scientific research methodologies and techniques
			14.4.1 Characteristics of scientific research methodologies
			14.4.2 Techniques of primary qualitative and quantitative data collection
			14.4.3 Choosing techniques relevant to an investigation
			14.4.4 Precision, accuracy, reliability and validity
			14.4.5 Minimisation of experimental bias
		14.5 Ethics, and health and safety guidelines
			14.5.1 Ethics
			14.5.2 Health and safety guidelines
		14.6 Methods of organising, analysing and evaluating primary data
			14.6.1 Organising primary data
			14.6.2 Analysing primary data
			14.6.3 Evaluating primary data
			14.6.4 Sources of uncertainty and error
			14.6.5 Limitations of data and methodology
		14.7 Models and theories to understand observed phenomena
			14.7.1 Models
			14.7.2 Theories
		14.8 Nature of evidence and key findings of investigations
			14.8.1 Nature of evidence — supporting or refuting a hypothesis, model or theory
			14.8.2 The key findings of investigations
		14.9 Conventions of scientific report writing and scientific poster presentation
			14.9.1 Conventions of report writing
			14.9.2 Terminology and representations
			14.9.3 Symbols
			14.9.4 Equations and formulas
			14.9.5 Units of measurement
			14.9.6 Significant figures
			14.9.7 Standard abbreviations
			14.9.8 Acknowledgement of references
			14.9.9 Presenting a scientific poster
			14.9.10 Practical investigation checklist
		14.10 Review
			14.10.1 Summary
			14.10.2 Key terms
Answers
Glossary
Index
Periodic table of the elements