Issues In The Study Of Pidgin And Creole Languages. (Studies in Language Companion)

Editorial page......Page 3
Title page......Page 4
Copyright page......Page 5
Table of contents......Page 6
LIST OF TABLES......Page 12
PREFACE......Page 14
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS......Page 16
1.1. The perspective of this book......Page 17
1.2. Content of chapters......Page 18
1.3. The use of the words pidgins and creoles......Page 21
CHAPTER 2. THE GENESIS OF PIDGIN AND CREOLE LANGUAGES A STATE OF THE ART\r......Page 23
2.1. The complex problem of pidgin and creole genesis......Page 24
2.2.1 The theory of pidgins and creoles as reduced codes......Page 28
2.2.2 The theory of creoles as \'nativised pidgins \'......Page 30
2.2.3 The theory of PCs as crystallised varieties of \'imperfect\' second language acquisition......Page 32
2.2.4 The theory of PCs as restructured varieties......Page 33
2.2.5 The theory that creoles reflect the properties of Universal Grammar......Page 35
2.2.6 Summary......Page 37
2.3. Shifting the object of study from language varieties to processes involved in language creation and change......Page 39
2.3.1 Relexification......Page 40
2.3.2 Reanalysis and related phenomena......Page 42
2.3.3 Dialect levelling......Page 43
2.4. A unified theory of pidgin and creole genesis......Page 44
2.4.1 Hypothesis and methodology of the UQAM projects......Page 45
2.4.2 The interplay of the processes embedded within a scenario of creole genesis......Page 47
2.4.3 An optimal account of creole genesis......Page 49
2.5. Conclusion......Page 50
CHAPTER 3. THE RELEXIFICATION ACCOUNT OF CREOLE GENESIS THE CASE OF HAITIAN CREOLE\r......Page 53
3.1.1 The process of relexification......Page 54
3.1.2 The hypothesis......Page 58
3.1.3 The interplay of relexification, reanalysis and dialect levelling in creole genesis and development......Page 59
3.1.5 An optimal account of creole genesis......Page 62
3.1.6 Summary......Page 63
3.2.2 The linguistic test......Page 64
3.3.1 Lexical semantics......Page 65
3.3.1.1 Simplex and compound nouns.......Page 66
3.3.1.2.1 Personal pronouns.......Page 68
3.3.1.2.2 Possessive adjectives and pronouns.......Page 70
3.3.1.2.3 Logophoric pronouns.......Page 72
3.3.1.2.4 Expletives.......Page 73
3.3.1.3 Reflexives.......Page 74
3.3.1.4 Wh-words.......Page 78
3.3.1.5 Verbs.......Page 83
3.3.1.6 Summary.......Page 84
3.3.2.1 Types of argument structures.......Page 85
3.3.2.2 BODY-state verbs.......Page 87
3.3.2.3 WEATHER verbs.......Page 88
3.3.2.5 Verbs licensing expletive subjects.......Page 90
3.3.2.6 Raising verbs.......Page 91
3.3.2.8 Control verbs.......Page 93
3.3.2.9 Light verbs.......Page 96
3.3.2.10 Inherent object verbs.......Page 97
3.3.2.12 Double-object verbs.......Page 99
3.3.3 Derivational affixes......Page 100
3.3.4 Functional category lexical entries involved in nominal structure......Page 104
3.3.4.1 The definite det......Page 105
3.3.4.2 The plural marker.......Page 106
3.3.4.4 The deictic terms.......Page 108
3.3.4.6 Summary.......Page 110
3.3.5.1 The tense, mood and aspect markers.......Page 111
3.3.5.2 Complementisers and complementiser-like forms.......Page 114
3.3.5.4 The nominal operator in relative and factive clauses.......Page 118
3.3.5.5 Clausal conjunction.......Page 120
3.3.5.6 The cleft marker.......Page 121
3.3.5.7 Negation markers.......Page 122
3.3.5.9 The determiner in the clause.......Page 124
3.3.5.10 Summary.......Page 125
3.4.1 The null subject parameter......Page 126
3.4.2 Verb raising......Page 127
3.4.3 Serial verbs......Page 128
3.4.4 The double-object construction......Page 129
3.4.5 The interpretation of negative quantifiers......Page 130
3.4.6 Verb-doubling phenomena......Page 132
3.5. Conclusion and consequences......Page 136
4.1. In what sense do creole studies constitute a field?......Page 141
4.2. What do creole studies have to offer to linguistics?......Page 143
4.3. What progress has been made between 1994 and 1999?......Page 146
4.4.1 The Tower of Babel......Page 149
4.4.2 Isolating Atlantic creoles from Pacific creoles......Page 150
4.4.4 Setting issues outside the research paradigms of subdisciplines of linguistics......Page 151
4.5. What have creole studies contributed so far and what lies ahead?......Page 152
CHAPTER 5. ON DATA\r......Page 155
5.1. The non-neutral character of linguistic data......Page 156
5.2. How to overcome the limits of particular types of databases......Page 159
5.3.1 The problem of inconsistencies between speakers......Page 164
5.3.2 The problem of inconsistencies within a given speaker......Page 168
5.4. Native speakers as informants......Page 169
5.5. Can data on a given language ever be complete?......Page 170
CHAPTER 6. MULTIFUNCTIONALITY AND THE CONCEPT OF LEXICAL ENTRY\r......Page 171
6.1. Establishing the various functions of multifunctional lexical items......Page 173
6.2. The range of multifunctional lexical items across syntactic categories......Page 177
6.3. Multifunctionality, the monosemy principle and semantic under specification......Page 181
6.4.2 The underspecification of major category lexical ite......Page 184
6.4.3 The underspecification of functional category lexical items......Page 187
6.5. An under specification account of Fongbe \'to say\': verb and complementiser......Page 189
6.6. On the relationship between multifunctionality and grammaticalis ation......Page 191
6.7. Grammaticalisation and multifunctionality are not synonyms......Page 192
6.8. Apparent cases of grammaticalisation in creole languages......Page 194
6.9. The transfer of substratum multifunctional lexical items into a creole......Page 196
CHAPTER 7. ON THE SEMANTIC OPACITY OF CREOLE LANGUAGES\r......Page 197
7.1.1 Lexical semantics......Page 199
7.1.2 Idiomatic expressions......Page 200
7.1.4 Phonologically null forms......Page 201
7.1.6 Summary......Page 202
7.2.2 The prefix ti -......Page 204
7.2.3 The prefix de-......Page 206
7.3. Syntax: basic word order and movement rules......Page 212
7.4. Interpretive facts......Page 214
7.4.1 The inte rp retation of tense, mood and aspect......Page 215
7.4.2 The interpretation of clauses involving argument alternations......Page 216
7.4.3 Verb doubling phenomena......Page 217
7.4.4 The interpretation of cleft constructions......Page 218
7.5. Language specific versus language universal phenomena......Page 219
7.6. Global evaluation of the Semantic Transparency Hypothesis......Page 220
8.1. What is similar among creole languages?......Page 223
8.2. Why do creole languages tend to be isolating?......Page 233
8.3. Why do creole languages look simple?......Page 236
8.4. Apparent simplicity and hidden complexity......Page 239
8.5. McWhorter\'s list revisited......Page 241
8.6. Conclusion......Page 244
CHAPTER 9. THE INTERPLAY OF RELEXIFICATION AND LEVELLING IN CREOLE GENESIS AND DEVELOPMENT\r......Page 247
9.1. Relexification and levelling......Page 249
9.2. The linguistic situation in Haiti at the time Haitian Creole was formed......Page 254
9.3. Third person plural pronouns and plural markers......Page 257
9.4. Reflexives......Page 261
9.5.1 The Haitian lexicon that has both sa and sila......Page 266
9.5.3 Levelling......Page 272
9.6. Conclusion......Page 273
CHAPTER 10. THE EMERGENCE OF PRODUCTIVE MORPHOLOGY IN CREOLE LANGUAGES THE CASE OF HAITIAN CREOLE\r......Page 275
10.1. Identifying affixes that are potentially native to a creole language......Page 276
10.2. Evaluating the productivity of the affixes identified as potentially native to HC......Page 278
10.2.2 The attributive suffix -è......Page 279
10.2.4 Inversive and privative de-......Page 280
10.2.5 The diminutive prefix ti-......Page 282
10.2.7 Morphological conversion......Page 284
10.2.8 The adverbial suffix -man......Page 286
10.2.10 The ordinal suffix -yèm......Page 287
10.2.11 Summary......Page 288
10.3.1 The hypothesised inversive prefix en-......Page 289
10.3.2 The hypothesised suffix -ét......Page 291
10.3.3 The hypothesised nominalising suffix -man......Page 295
10.3.4 The hypothesised agentive suffix -adó......Page 302
10.4. The emergence of the morphological inventory of H C......Page 308
10.4.1 The inventory of the productive derivational affixes of HC as compared with those of its contributing languages......Page 309
10.4.2 The relexification account of the emergence of the HC morphological inventory......Page 316
10.5. Conclusion: Issues on the morphology of creole languages in light of the HC data......Page 319
REFERENCES......Page 325
Comparative work......Page 357
The relative impact of relexification and reanalysis in PC genesis and development......Page 358
Dialect levelling......Page 360
APPENDIX 2. THE COMPOSITION OF THE HAITIAN LEXICON......Page 361
INDEX OF AUTHORS......Page 365
INDEX OF SUBJECTS......Page 371