Isotopic Proveniencing and Mobility: The Current State of Research)

Preface
	References
Contents
Chapter 1: An Introduction to Isotopic Proveniencing
	1.1 A Brief History
	1.2 Mass Spectrometers
	1.3 Principles and Methods
		1.3.1 Strontium Isotopes
		1.3.2 Lead Isotopes
		1.3.3 Oxygen Isotopes
		1.3.4 Sulfur Isotopes
	1.4 Chapters in This Volume
		1.4.1 T. Douglas Price: Introduction
		1.4.2 Kelly Knudson, Christina M. Torres, and William Pestle: Isotopic Analyses in the Andes: From the Macro- to Microscale
		1.4.3 Carolyn Freiwald: Oxygen Isotope Values in the Maya Region
		1.4.4 Rick Schulting, John Pouncett, Christophe Snoeck, Hannah F. James, and Warren Bailie: Common Ground: Investigating Land Use and Community Through Strontium Isotope Analysis of Bronze Age Cremations from Dunragit, Southwest Scotland
		1.4.5 Anne Waterman: Traveling Up Hill and Down Dale: Using Isotopic Studies of Human and Animal Mobility in Chalcolithic Portugal to Investigate Intraregional Patterns of Social and Economic Relationships in Late Prehistory
		1.4.6 T. Douglas Price and Dusan Boriç: The Transition to Agriculture
		1.4.7 George Kamenov and John Krigbaum: Pb Isotopes and Human Mobility: Natural, Cultural, or Diagenetic?
		1.4.8 Mike Richards: Sulfur Isotopes
		1.4.9 Andrea Göhring, Gisela Grupe, and Peer Kröger: Application of Gaussian Mixture Model Clustering for the Resolution of Multi-isotope Fingerprints
		1.4.10 T. Douglas Price: Conclusions and Recommendations
	References
Chapter 2: Isotopic Analyses in the Andes: From the Macro- to Micro-scale
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Isotopic Analysis at the Macro-scale: Baseline Data and Predictive Isoscapes in the Andes
	2.3 Site-Level Paleomobility Studies in the Andes
	2.4 Isotopic Analysis at the Micro-scale: Reconstruction of Individual Life Histories
	2.5 Multi-scalar Isotopic Analyses in the Andes: A Case Study Using Stable Strontium Isotope Analysis
		2.5.1 Paleomobility Studies and δ88/86Sr Analyses
		2.5.2 Study Area and Sample Selection for δ88/86Sr Analyses
		2.5.3 Laboratory Methodology for δ88/86Sr Analyses
		2.5.4 Results and Interpretations for δ88/86Sr Data
	2.6 Conclusion and Future Directions
	References
Chapter 3: Oxygen Isotope Values in the Maya Region
	3.1 Background
	3.2 Sample Selection: Tooth or Bone? Carbonates or Phosphates?
	3.3 Question 2: Sample Pretreatment
	3.4 Question 3: Modeling Isoscapes in the Maya Region
	3.5 Discussion and Concluding Thoughts
	References
Chapter 4: Common Ground: Investigating Land Use and Community Through Strontium Isotope Analysis of Bronze Age Cremations from Dunragit, Southwest Scotland
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Excavations at Dunragit Bypass
	4.3 Strontium Isotopes in the Biosphere
		4.3.1 Background
		4.3.2 British Strontium Isoscapes
	4.4 Materials and Methods
		4.4.1 Materials
		4.4.2 Methods
			4.4.2.1 Strontium Isotope Analysis
			4.4.2.2 Strontium Concentration Analysis
			4.4.2.3 Spatial Analysis
	4.5 Results
		4.5.1 Plant Strontium Results
		4.5.2 Human Strontium Results
	4.6 Discussion
	References
Chapter 5: Traveling Up Hill and Down Dale: Using Isotopic Studies of Human and Animal Mobility in Chalcolithic Portugal to Investigate Intraregional Patterns of Social and Economic Relationships in Late Prehistory
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Travel and the Human Imagination
	5.3 Neither Far Nor Away
	5.4 Radiogenic Isotope Analysis and Mobility: A New Lens
	5.5 The Estremadura Region of Portugal and Its Chalcolithic Settlements
	5.6 Zambujal
	5.7 Leceia
	5.8 Vila Nova de São Pedro
	5.9 Human Migration, Animal Mobility, and Site Interconnectivity
	5.10 There Is No Place Like Home
	5.11 Travel Times: The Limits of Distance
	5.12 Summary and Conclusions
	References
Chapter 6: The Transition to Agriculture
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Southeast Europe and the Danube Gorges
		6.2.1 Chronology of the Danube Gorges
		6.2.2 Strontium Isotope Baselines in the Danube Gorges
		6.2.3 Strontium Isotope Results from the Danube Gorges
	6.3 Southern Scandinavia
		6.3.1 Strontium Baselines in Southern Scandinavia
	6.4 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 7: Pb Isotopes and Human Mobility: Natural, Cultural, or Diagenetic Signal?
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Analytical Challenges
	7.3 Diagenetic Challenges for Pb Isotope Analyses on Human Remains
		7.3.1 Pb Concentrations in Human Teeth
		7.3.2 Non-Pb Trace Element Proxies to Infer Diagenetic Alteration
		7.3.3 Using Isotope Data to Identify Postmortem Alteration
	7.4 Anthropogenic Pb Exposure Due to Pb Mining and Use
		7.4.1 Pb Isotopes as a Tool to Identify Human Exposure to Anthropogenic Pb in Antiquity
		7.4.2 Anthropogenic vs. Natural Origin of Linear Trends in Pb Isotopes
	7.5 Natural Pb and Human Mobility Challenges
		7.5.1 Challenges for Estimation of Local Pb Isotopic Range
		7.5.2 Reconstructing Natural Pb Isotope Variations Across the Landscape for Archaeological Human Mobility Studies
	7.6 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 8: Sulphur Isotope Ratios of Archaeological Human Collagen as a Mobility Indicator
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Measuring Sulphur Isotope Ratios in Human Bone Collagen
	8.3 Interpreting Human Bone Collagen Sulphur Isotope Ratios
	8.4 Sulphur Isotope Values of Archaeological Human Collagen as a Dietary Indicator
	8.5 Sulphur Isotope Values of Archaeological Human Collagen as a Mobility Indicator
	8.6 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 9: Application of Gaussian Mixture Model Clustering for the Resolution of Multi-isotope Fingerprints
	9.1 Introduction
		9.1.1 Knowledge Discovery in Databases and Gaussian Mixture Model Clustering
	9.2 Material and Methods
		9.2.1 Material
		9.2.2 Methods
			9.2.2.1 Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM) Cluster Analysis
			9.2.2.2 Feature Ranking
			9.2.2.3 Principal Component Analysis (PCA)
			9.2.2.4 Stable Isotope Mixing Models Using SISUS
	9.3 Results
		9.3.1 Example 9.1: Transalpine Mobility
		9.3.2 Example 9.2: Birds from Haithabu and Schleswig
		9.3.3 Example 9.3: Humans from Haithabu and Schleswig
	9.4 Discussion
	9.5 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 10: Conclusions and Recommendations
	10.1 The Contributions
		10.1.1 Kelly Knudson, Christina M. Torres, and William Pestle: Isotopic Analyses in the Andes: From the Macro- to Microscale
		10.1.2 Carolyn Freiwald: Oxygen Isotope Values in the Maya Region
		10.1.3 Rick Schulting, John Pouncett, Christophe Snoeck, Hannah F. James, and Warren Bailie: Common Ground: Investigating Land Use and Community Through Strontium Isotope Analysis of Bronze Age Cremations from Dunragit, Southwest Scotland
		10.1.4 Anne Waterman: Traveling Up Hill and Down Dale: Using Isotopic Studies of Human and Animal Mobility in Chalcolithic Portugal to Investigate Intraregional Patterns of Social and Economic Relationships in Late Prehistory
		10.1.5 T. Douglas Price and Dusan Boriç: The Transition to Agriculture
		10.1.6 George Kamenov and John Krigbaum: Pb Isotopes and Human Mobility: Natural, Cultural, or Diagenetic?
		10.1.7 Mike Richards: Sulfur Isotopes
		10.1.8 Andrea Göhring, Gisela Grupe, and Peer Kröger: Application of Gaussian Mixture Model Clustering for the Resolution of Multi-isotope Fingerprints
		10.1.9 T. Douglas Price: Thoughts and Recommendations
	10.2 Provenience
	10.3 Pretreatment of Strontium Samples
	10.4 Measuring Bioavailable/Isoscapes
	10.5 Mixing Models and Predicting Isotope Ratios
	10.6 Database
	10.7 Differences Among Teeth (Life History)
	10.8 Publication
	10.9 Determining Locals/Nonlocals
	10.10 Oxygen
	10.11 Carbon
	10.12 Place of Origin
	10.13 Conclusion
	References
Index