ISE Human Anatomy

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About the authors
Brief contents
Contents
Preface
Chapter 1: A First Look at Anatomy
	1.1 History of Human Anatomy
	1.2 Definition of Anatomy
		1.2a Microscopic Anatomy
		1.2b Gross Anatomy
	1.3 Structural Organization of the Body
		1.3a Characteristics of Living Things
		1.3b Introduction to Organ Systems
	1.4 Precise Language of Anatomy
		1.4a Anatomic Position
		1.4b Sections and Planes
		1.4c Anatomic Directions
		1.4d Regional Anatomy
		1.4e Body Cavities and Membranes
		1.4f Abdominopelvic Regions and Quadrants
Chapter 2: The Cell: Basic Unit of Structure and Function
	2.1 The Study of Cells
		2.1a Using the Microscope to Study Cells
		2.1b General Functions of Human Body Cells
	2.2 A Prototypical Cell
	2.3 Plasma Membrane
		2.3a Composition and Structure of Membranes
		2.3b Protein-Specific Functions of the Plasma Membrane
		2.3c Transport Across the Plasma Membrane
	2.4 Cytoplasm
		2.4a Cytosol
		2.4b Inclusions
		2.4c Organelles
	2.5 Nucleus
		2.5a Nuclear Envelope
		2.5b Nucleoli
		2.5c DNA, Chromatin, and Chromosomes
	2.6 Life Cycle of the Cell
		2.6a Interphase
		2.6b Mitotic (M) Phase
	2.7 Aging and the Cell
Chapter 3: Embryology
	3.1 Overview of Embryology
	3.2 Gametogenesis
		3.2a Meiosis
		3.2b Oocyte Development (Oogenesis)
		3.2c Sperm Development (Spermatogenesis)
	3.3 Pre-embryonic Period
		3.3a Fertilization
		3.3b Cleavage
		3.3c Implantation
		3.3d Formation of the Bilaminar Germinal Disc and the Extraembryonic Membranes
		3.3e Development of the Placenta
	3.4 Embryonic Period
		3.4a Gastrulation
		3.4b Folding of the Embryonic Disc
		3.4c Differentiation of Ectoderm
		3.4d Differentiation of Mesoderm
		3.4e Differentiation of Endoderm
		3.4f Organogenesis
	3.5 Fetal Period
Chapter 4: Tissue Level of Organization
	4.1 Epithelial Tissue
		4.1a Characteristics of Epithelial Tissue
		4.1b Functions of Epithelial Tissue
		4.1c Specialized Structures of Epithelial Tissue
		4.1d Classification of Epithelial Tissue
		4.1e Types of Epithelium
		4.1f Glands
	4.2 Connective Tissue
		4.2a Characteristics of Connective Tissue
		4.2b Functions of Connective Tissue
		4.2c Development of Connective Tissue
		4.2d Classification of Connective Tissue
	4.3 Body Membranes
	4.4 Muscle Tissue
		4.4a Classification of Muscle Tissue
	4.5 Nervous Tissue
		4.5a Characteristics of Neurons
	4.6 Tissue Change and Aging
		4.6a Tissue Change
		4.6b Tissue Aging
Chapter 5: Integumentary System
	5.1 Structure and Functions of the Integument
		5.1a Integument Structure
		5.1b Integument Functions
	5.2 Epidermis
		5.2a Epidermal Strata
		5.2b Variations in the Epidermis
	5.3 Dermis
		5.3a Papillary Layer of the Dermis
		5.3b Reticular Layer of the Dermis
		5.3c Lines of Cleavage and Stretch Marks
		5.3d Innervation and Blood Supply
	5.4 Subcutaneous Layer
	5.5 Integumentary Structures Derived from Epidermis
		5.5a Nails
		5.5b Hair
		5.5c Exocrine Glands of the Skin
	5.6 Integument Repair and Regeneration
	5.7 Aging of the Integument
		5.7a Skin Cancer
	5.8 Development of the Integumentary System
		5.8a Integument Development
		5.8b Nail Development
		5.8c Hair Development
		5.8d Sebaceous and Sweat Gland Development
		5.8e Mammary Gland Development
Chapter 6: Cartilage and Bone
	6.1 Cartilage
		6.1a Functions of Cartilage
		6.1b Growth Patterns of Cartilage
	6.2 Bone
		6.2a Functions of Bone
	6.3 Classification and Anatomy of Bones
		6.3a General Structure and Gross Anatomy of Long Bones
	6.4 Ossification
		6.4a Intramembranous Ossification
		6.4b Endochondral Ossification
		6.4c Epiphyseal Plate Morphology
		6.4d Growth of Bone
		6.4e Blood Supply and Innervation
	6.5 Maintaining Homeostasis and Promoting Bone Growth
		6.5a Effects of Hormones
		6.5b Effects of Vitamins
		6.5c Effects of Exercise
		6.5d Fracture and Repair
	6.6 Bone Markings
	6.7 Aging of the Skeletal System
Chapter 7: Axial Skeleton
	7.1 Skull
		7.1a Views of the Skull and Landmark Features
		7.1b Sutures
		7.1c Bones of the Cranium
		7.1d Bones of the Face
		7.1e Nasal Complex
		7.1f Paranasal Sinuses
		7.1g Orbital Complex
		7.1h Bones Associated with the Skull
	7.2 Sexually Dimorphic Features of the Skull
	7.3 Aging of the Skull
	7.4 Vertebral Column
		7.4a Divisions of the Vertebral Column
		7.4b Spinal Curvatures
		7.4c Vertebral Anatomy
	7.5 Thoracic Cage
		7.5a Sternum
		7.5b Ribs
	7.6 Aging of the Axial Skeleton
	7.7 Development of the Axial Skeleton
Chapter 8: Appendicular Skeleton
	8.1 Pectoral Girdle
		8.1a Clavicle
		8.1b Scapula
	8.2 Upper Limb
		8.2a Humerus
		8.2b Radius and Ulna
		8.2c Carpals, Metacarpals, and Phalanges
	8.3 Pelvic Girdle
		8.3a Os Coxae
		8.3b True and False Pelves
		8.3c Sexually Dimorphic Features of the Pelves
	8.4 Lower Limb
		8.4a Femur
		8.4b Patella
		8.4c Tibia and Fibula
		8.4d Tarsals, Metatarsals, and Phalanges
	8.5 Aging of the Appendicular Skeleton
	8.6 Development of the Appendicular Skeleton
Chapter 9: Articulations
	9.1 Articulations (Joints)
		9.1a Classification of Joints
	9.2 Fibrous Joints
		9.2a Gomphoses
		9.2b Sutures
		9.2c Syndesmoses
	9.3 Cartilaginous Joints
		9.3a Synchondroses
		9.3b Symphyses
	9.4 Synovial Joints
		9.4a General Anatomy of Synovial Joints
		9.4b Classifications of Synovial Joints
		9.4c Movements at Synovial Joints
	9.5 Selected Articulations in Depth
		9.5a Joints of the Axial Skeleton
		9.5b Joints of the Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limbs
		9.5c Joints of the Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limbs
	9.6 Aging of the Joints
	9.7 Development of the Joints
Chapter 10: Muscle Tissue and Organization
	10.1 Properties of Muscle Tissue
	10.2 Characteristics of Skeletal Muscle Tissue
		10.2a Functions of Skeletal Muscle Tissue
		10.2b Gross Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle
		10.2c Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle
	10.3 Contraction of Skeletal Muscle Fibers
		10.3a The Sliding Filament Theory
		10.3b Neuromuscular Junctions
		10.3c Physiology of Muscle Contraction
		10.3d Muscle Contraction: A Summary
		10.3e Motor Units
	10.4 Types of Skeletal Muscle Fibers
		10.4a Distribution of Slow Oxidative, Fast Oxidative,and Fast Glycolytic Fibers
	10.5 Skeletal Muscle Fiber Organization
		10.5a Circular Muscles
		10.5b Parallel Muscles
		10.5c Convergent Muscles
		10.5d Pennate Muscles
	10.6 Exercise and Skeletal Muscle
		10.6a Muscle Hypertrophy
		10.6b Muscle Atrophy
	10.7 Levers and Joint Biomechanics
		10.7a Classes of Levers
		10.7b Actions of Skeletal Muscles
	10.8 The Naming of Skeletal Muscles
	10.9 Characteristics of Cardiac and Smooth Muscle
		10.9a Cardiac Muscle
		10.9b Smooth Muscle
	10.10 Aging and the Muscular System
	10.11 Development of the Muscular System
Chapter 11: Axial Muscles
	11.1 Muscles of the Head and Neck
		11.1a Muscles of Facial Expression
		11.1b Extrinsic Eye Muscles
		11.1c Muscles of Mastication
		11.1d Muscles That Move the Tongue
		11.1e Muscles of the Pharynx
		11.1f Muscles of the Anterior Neck
		11.1g Muscles That Move the Head and Neck
	11.2 Muscles of the Vertebral Column
	11.3 Muscles of Respiration
	11.4 Muscles of the Abdominal Wall
	11.5 Muscles of the Pelvic Floor
Chapter 12: Appendicular Muscles
	12.1 Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limb
		12.1a Muscles That Move the Pectoral Girdle
		12.1b Muscles That Move the Glenohumeral Joint/Arm
		12.1c Arm and Forearm Muscles That Move the Elbow Joint/Forearm
		12.1d Forearm Muscles That Move the Wrist Joint, Hand, and Fingers
		12.1e Intrinsic Muscles of the Hand
	12.2 Muscles of the Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limb
		12.2a Muscles That Move the Hip Joint/Thigh
		12.2b Thigh Muscles That Move the Knee Joint/Leg
		12.2c Leg Muscles
		12.2d Intrinsic Muscles of the Foot
Chapter 13: Surface Anatomy
	13.1 A Regional Approach to Surface Anatomy
	13.2 Head Region
		13.2a Cranium
		13.2b Face
	13.3 Neck Region
	13.4 Trunk Region
		13.4a Thorax
		13.4b Abdominopelvic Region
		13.4c Back
	13.5 Shoulder and Upper Limb Region
		13.5a Shoulder
		13.5b Axilla
		13.5c Arm
		13.5d Forearm
		13.5e Hand
	13.6 Lower Limb Region
		13.6a Gluteal Region
		13.6b Thigh
		13.6c Leg
		13.6d Foot
Chapter 14: Nervous Tissue
	14.1 Organization of the Nervous System
		14.1a Structural Organization: Centraland Peripheral Nervous Systems
		14.1b Functional Organization: Sensory and Motor Nervous Systems
	14.2 Cytology of Nervous Tissue
		14.2a Neurons
		14.2b Glial Cells
	14.3 Myelination of Axons
		14.3a Myelination
		14.3b Nerve Impulse Conduction
	14.4 Axon Regeneration
	14.5 Nerves
	14.6 Synapses
		14.6a Synaptic Communication
	14.7 Neural Integration and Neural Circuits
	14.8 Development of the Nervous System
Chapter 15: Brain and Cranial Nerves
	15.1 Brain Development and Tissue Organization
		15.1a Embryonic Development of the Brain
		15.1b Organization of Neural Tissue Areas in the Brain
	15.2 Support and Protection of the Brain
		15.2a Cranial Meninges
		15.2b Brain Ventricles
		15.2c Cerebrospinal Fluid
		15.2d Blood-Brain Barrier
	15.3 Cerebrum
		15.3a Cerebral Hemispheres
		15.3b Functional Areas of the Cerebrum
		15.3c Central White Matter
		15.3d Cerebral Nuclei
	15.4 Diencephalon
		15.4a Epithalamus
		15.4b Thalamus
		15.4c Hypothalamus
	15.5 Brainstem
		15.5a Midbrain
		15.5b Pons
		15.5c Medulla Oblongata
	15.6 Cerebellum
		15.6a Cerebellar Peduncles
	15.7 Limbic System
	15.8 Cranial Nerves
Chapter 16: Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves
	16.1 Gross Anatomy of the Spinal Cord
	16.2 Spinal Cord Meninges
	16.3 Sectional Anatomy of the Spinal Cord
		16.3a Distribution of Gray Matter
		16.3b Distribution of White Matter
	16.4 Spinal Nerves
		16.4a Spinal Nerve Distribution
		16.4b Nerve Plexuses
		16.4c Intercostal Nerves
		16.4d Cervical Plexuses
		16.4e Brachial Plexuses
		16.4f Lumbar Plexuses
		16.4g Sacral Plexuses
	16.5 Reflexes
		16.5a Components of a Reflex Arc
		16.5b Examples of Spinal Reflexes
		16.5c Reflex Testing in a Clinical Setting
	16.6 Development of the Spinal Cord
Chapter 17: Pathways and Integrative Functions
	17.1 General Characteristics of Nervous System Pathways
	17.2 Sensory Pathways
		17.2a Functional Anatomy of Sensory Pathways
	17.3 Motor Pathways
		17.3a Functional Anatomy of Motor Pathways
		17.3b Levels of Processing and Motor Control
	17.4 Higher-Order Processing and Integrative Functions
		17.4a Development and Maturation of Higher-Order Processing
		17.4b Hemispheric Lateralization
		17.4c Language
		17.4d Cognition
		17.4e Memory
		17.4f Consciousness
		17.4g Electroencephalogram
		17.4h Sleep
	17.5 Aging and the Nervous System
Chapter 18: Autonomic Nervous System
	18.1 Comparison of the Somatic and Autonomic Nervous Systems
		18.1a Motor Neurons of the Somatic Versus Autonomic Nervous System
	18.2 Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System
		18.2a Functional Differences
		18.2b Anatomic Differences in Lower Motor Neurons
	18.3 Parasympathetic Division
		18.3a Cranial Components
		18.3b Pelvic Splanchnic Nerves
		18.3c Effects and General Functions of the Parasympathetic Division
	18.4 Sympathetic Division
		18.4a Organization and Anatomy of the Sympathetic Division
		18.4b Sympathetic Pathways
		18.4c Effects and General Functions of the Sympathetic Division
	18.5 Other Features of the Autonomic Nervous System
		18.5a Autonomic Plexuses
		18.5b Enteric Nervous System
		18.5c Overview of ANS Neurotransmitters
		18.5d Autonomic Tone
		18.5e Dual Innervation
		18.5f Systems Controlled Only by the Sympathetic Division
		18.5g Autonomic Reflexes
	18.6 CNS Control of Autonomic Function
	18.7 Development of the Autonomic Nervous System
Chapter 19: Senses: General and Special
	19.1 Introduction to Sensory Receptors
		19.1a Properties of Sensory Receptors
		19.1b Classification of Sensory Receptors
	19.2 Tactile Receptors
		19.2a Unencapsulated Tactile Receptors
		19.2b Encapsulated Tactile Receptors
	19.3 Olfaction
		19.3a Olfactory Receptor Cells
		19.3b Olfactory Discrimination
		19.3c Olfactory Pathways
	19.4 Gustation
		19.4a Papillae and Taste Buds of the Tongue
		19.4b Gustatory Discrimination
		19.4c Gustatory Pathways
	19.5 Vision
		19.5a Accessory Structures of the Eye
		19.5b Eye Structure
		19.5c Visual Pathways
		19.5d Development of the Eye
	19.6 Equilibrium and Hearing
		19.6a External Ear
		19.6b Middle Ear
		19.6c Inner Ear
		19.6d Development of the Ear
Chapter 20: Endocrine System
	20.1 Endocrine Glands and Hormones
		20.1a Overview of Hormones
		20.1b Negative and Positive Feedback
	20.2 Hypothalamic Control of the Endocrine System
	20.3 Pituitary Gland
		20.3a Anterior Pituitary
		20.3b Posterior Pituitary
	20.4 Thyroid Gland
		20.4a Synthesis of Thyroid Hormone by Thyroid Follicles
		20.4b Thyroid Gland–Pituitary Gland Negative Feedback
		20.4c Parafollicular Cells
	20.5 Parathyroid Glands
	20.6 Adrenal Glands
		20.6a Adrenal Cortex
		20.6b Adrenal Medulla
	20.7 Pancreas
	20.8 Pineal Gland and Thymus
	20.9 Endocrine Functions of the Kidneys, Heart, Gastrointestinal Tract, and Gonads
		20.9a Kidneys
		20.9b Heart
		20.9c Gastrointestinal Tract
		20.9d Gonads
	20.10 Aging and the Endocrine System
	20.11 Development of the Endocrine System
		20.11a Adrenal Glands
		20.11b Pituitary Gland
		20.11c Thyroid Gland
Chapter 21: Blood
	21.1 General Composition and Functions of Blood
		21.1a Components of Blood
		21.1b Functions of Blood
	21.2 Blood Plasma
		21.2a Plasma Proteins
		21.2b Other Solutes in Plasma
		21.2c Differences Between Plasma and Interstitial Fluid
	21.3 Formed Elements in the Blood
		21.3a Erythrocytes
		21.3b Leukocytes
		21.3c Platelets
	21.4 Hematopoiesis: Production of Formed Elements
		21.4a Erythropoiesis
		21.4b Thrombopoiesis
		21.4c Leukopoiesis
Chapter 22: Heart
	22.1 Overview of the Cardiovascular System
		22.1a Pulmonary and Systemic Circulations
		22.1b Position of the Heart
		22.1c Characteristics of the Pericardium
	22.2 Anatomy of the Heart
		22.2a Heart Wall Structure
		22.2b External Heart Anatomy
		22.2c Internal Heart Anatomy: Chambers and Valves
	22.3 Coronary Circulation
	22.4 How the Heart Beats: Electrical Properties of Cardiac Tissue
		22.4a Characteristics of Cardiac Muscle Tissue
		22.4b Contraction of Heart Muscle
		22.4c The Heart’s Conducting System
	22.5 Innervation of the Heart
	22.6 Tying It All Together: The Cardiac Cycle
		22.6a Steps in the Cardiac Cycle
		22.6b Summary of Blood Flow During the Cardiac Cycle
	22.7 Aging and the Heart
	22.8 Development of the Heart
Chapter 23: Vessels and Circulation
	23.1 Anatomy of Blood
		23.1a Blood Vessel Tunics
		23.1b Arteries
		23.1c Capillaries
		23.1d Veins
	23.2 Blood Pressure
	23.3 Systemic Circulation
		23.3a General Arterial Flow Out of the Heart
		23.3b General Venous Return to the Heart
		23.3c Blood Flow Through the Head and Neck
		23.3d Blood Flow Through the Thoracic and Abdominal Walls
		23.3e Blood Flow Through the Thoracic Organs and Spinal Cord
		23.3f Blood Flow Through the Gastrointestinal Tract
		23.3g Blood Flow Through the Posterior Abdominal Organs, Pelvis, and Perineum
		23.3h Blood Flow Through the Upper Limb
		23.3i Blood Flow Through the Lower Limb
	23.4 Pulmonary Circulation
	23.5 Review of Heart, Systemic, and Pulmonary Circulation
	23.6 Aging and the Cardiovascular System
	23.7 Blood Vessel Development
		23.7a Artery Development
		23.7b Vein Development
		23.7c Comparison of Fetal and Postnatal Circulation
Chapter 24: Lymphatic System
	24.1 Functions of the Lymphatic System
	24.2 Lymph and Lymphatic Vessels
		24.2a Lymphatic Capillaries
		24.2b Lymphatic Vessels
		24.2c Lymphatic Trunks
		24.2d Lymphatic Ducts
	24.3 Lymphoid Cells
		24.3a Types and Functions of Lymphocytes
		24.3b Lymphopoiesis
	24.4 Lymphoid Structures
		24.4a Lymphoid Nodules
		24.4b Lymphoid Organs
	24.5 Aging and the Lymphatic System
	24.6 Development of the Lymphatic System
Chapter 25: Respiratory System
	25.1 General Organization and Functions of the Respiratory System
		25.1a Respiratory System Functions
	25.2 Upper Respiratory Tract
		25.2a Nose and Nasal Cavity
		25.2b Paranasal Sinuses
		25.2c Pharynx
		25.2d Larynx
	25.3 Lower Respiratory Tract
		25.3a Trachea
		25.3b Bronchial Tree
		25.3c Respiratory Bronchioles, Alveolar Ducts,and Alveoli
	25.4 Lungs
		25.4a Pleura and Pleural Cavities
		25.4b Gross Anatomy of the Lungs
		25.4c Blood Supply to and from the Lungs
		25.4d Lymphatic Drainage
	25.5 Pulmonary Ventilation
	25.6 Mechanics of Breathing
		25.6a Skeletal Muscles of Breathing
		25.6b Volume Changes in the Thoracic Cavity
	25.7 Innervation of the Respiratory System
		25.7a Ventilation Control by Respiratory Centersof the Brain
	25.8 Aging and the Respiratory System
	25.9 Development of the Respiratory System
Chapter 26: Digestive System
	26.1 General Structure and Functions of the Digestive System
		26.1a Digestive System Functions
	26.2 Oral Cavity
		26.2a Cheeks, Lips, and Palate
		26.2b Tongue
		26.2c Salivary Glands
		26.2d Teeth
	26.3 Pharynx
	26.4 General Arrangement of Abdominal GI Organs
		26.4a Peritoneum, Peritoneal Cavity, and Mesentery
		26.4b General Histology of GI Organ (Esophagus to Large Intestine)
		26.4c Blood Vessels, Lymphoid Structures, and Nerve Supply
	26.5 Esophagus
		26.5a Gross Anatomy
		26.5b Histology
	26.6 The Swallowing Process
	26.7 Stomach
		26.7a Gross Anatomy
		26.7b Histology
		26.7c Gastric Secretions
	26.8 Small Intestine
		26.8a Gross Anatomy and Regions
		26.8b Histology
	26.9 Large Intestine
		26.9a Gross Anatomy and Regions
		26.9b Histology
		26.9c Control of Large Intestine Activity
	26.10 Accessory Digestive Organs
		26.10a Liver
		26.10b Gallbladder
		26.10c Biliary Apparatus
		26.10d Pancreas
	26.11 Aging and the Digestive System
	26.12 Development of the Digestive System
		26.12a Stomach, Duodenum, and Omenta Development
		26.12b Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas Development
		26.12c Intestine Development
Chapter 27: Urinary System
	27.1 General Structure and Functionsof the Urinary System
	27.2 Kidneys
		27.2a Gross and Sectional Anatomy of the Kidney
		27.2b Blood Supply to the Kidney
		27.2c Innervation of the Kidney
		27.2d Nephrons
		27.2e Collecting Tubules and Collecting Ducts: How Tubular Fluid Becomes Urine
		27.2f Juxtaglomerular Apparatus
	27.3 Urinary Tract
		27.3a Ureters
		27.3b Urinary Bladder
		27.3c Urethra
		27.3d Micturition
	27.4 Aging and the Urinary System
	27.5 Development of the Urinary System
		27.5a Kidney and Ureter Development
		27.5b Urinary Bladder and Urethra Development
Chapter 28: Reproductive System
	28.1 Comparison of the Female and Male Reproductive Systems
		28.1a Perineum
	28.2 Anatomy of the Female Reproductive System
		28.2a Ovaries
		28.2b Uterine Tubes
		28.2c Uterus
		28.2d Vagina
		28.2e External Genitalia
		28.2f Mammary Glands
	28.3 Anatomy of the Male Reproductive System
		28.3a Scrotum
		28.3b Spermatic Cord
		28.3c Testes
		28.3d Ducts in the Male Reproductive System
		28.3e Accessory Glands
		28.3f Semen
		28.3g Penis
	28.4 Aging and the Reproductive Systems
	28.5 Development of the Reproductive Systems
		28.5a Genetic Versus Phenotypic Sex
		28.5b Formation of Indifferent Gonads and Genital Ducts
		28.5c Internal Genitalia Development
		28.5d External Genitalia Development
Appendix A: Answers
Glossary
Index