ISE General, Organic, & Biological Chemistry

Cover page
Title page
Copyright page
About the Author
Brief Contents
Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
1 Matter and Measurement
	1.1 Chemistry—The Science of Everyday Experience
	1.2 States of Matter
	1.3 Classification of Matter
	1.4 Measurement
	1.5 Significant Figures
	1.6 Scientific Notation
	1.7 Problem Solving Using Conversion Factors
	1.8 FOCUS ON HEALTH & MEDICINE: Problem Solving Using Clinical Conversion Factors
	1.9 Temperature
	1.10 Density and Specific Gravity
2 Atoms and the Periodic Table
	2.1 Elements
	2.2 Structure of the Atom
	2.3 Isotopes
	2.4 The Periodic Table
	2.5 Electronic Structure
	2.6 Electronic Configurations
	2.7 Valence Electrons
	2.8 Periodic Trends
3 Ionic Compounds
	3.1 Introduction to Bonding
	3.2 Ions
	3.3 Ionic Compounds
	3.4 Naming Ionic Compounds
	3.5 Physical Properties of Ionic Compounds
	3.6 Polyatomic Ions
4 Covalent Compounds
	4.1 Introduction to Covalent Bonding
	4.2 Lewis Structures
	4.3 Exceptions to the Octet Rule
	4.4 Resonance
	4.5 Naming Covalent Compounds
	4.6 Molecular Shape
	4.7 Electronegativity and Bond Polarity
	4.8 Polarity of Molecules
	4.9 FOCUS ON HEALTH & MEDICINE: Covalent Drugs and Medical Products
5 Chemical Reactions
	5.1 Introduction to Chemical Reactions
	5.2 Balancing Chemical Equations
	5.3 Types of Reactions
	5.4 Oxidation and Reduction
	5.5 The Mole and Avogadro’s Number
	5.6 Mass to Mole Conversions
	5.7 Mole Calculations in Chemical Equations
	5.8 Mass Calculations in Chemical Equations
	5.9 Percent Yield
	5.10 Limiting Reactants
6 Energy Changes, Reaction Rates, and Equilibrium
	6.1 Energy
	6.2 Energy Changes in Reactions
	6.3 Energy Diagrams
	6.4 Reaction Rates
	6.5 Equilibrium
	6.6 Le Châtelier’s Principle
	6.7 FOCUS ON THE HUMAN BODY: Body Temperature
7 Gases, Liquids, and Solids
	7.1 The Three States of Matter
	7.2 Gases and Pressure
	7.3 Gas Laws That Relate Pressure, Volume, and Temperature
	7.4 Avogadro’s Law—How Volume and Moles Are Related
	7.5 The Ideal Gas Law
	7.6 Dalton’s Law and Partial Pressures
	7.7 Intermolecular Forces, Boiling Point, and Melting Point
	7.8 The Liquid State
	7.9 The Solid State
	7.10 Specific Heat
	7.11 Energy and Phase Changes
	7.12 Heating and Cooling Curves
8 Solutions
	8.1 Mixtures
	8.2 Electrolytes and Nonelectrolytes
	8.3 Solubility—General Features
	8.4 Solubility—Effects of Temperature and Pressure
	8.5 Concentration Units—Percent Concentration
	8.6 Concentration Units—Molarity
	8.7 Dilution
	8.8 Colligative Properties
	8.9 Osmosis and Dialysis
9 Acids and Bases
	9.1 Introduction to Acids and Bases
	9.2 The Reaction of a Brønsted–Lowry Acid with a Brønsted–Lowry Base
	9.3 Acid and Base Strength
	9.4 Equilibrium and Acid Dissociation Constants
	9.5 The Dissociation of Water
	9.6 The pH Scale
	9.7 Common Acid–Base Reactions
	9.8 The Acidity and Basicity of Salt Solutions
	9.9 Titration
	9.10 Buffers
	9.11 FOCUS ON THE HUMAN BODY: Buffers in the Blood
10 Nuclear Chemistry
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Nuclear Reactions
	10.3 Half-Life
	10.4 Detecting and Measuring Radioactivity
	10.5 FOCUS ON HEALTH & MEDICINE: Medical Uses of Radioisotopes
	10.6 Nuclear Fission and Nuclear Fusion
	10.7 FOCUS ON HEALTH & MEDICINE: Medical Imaging Without Radioactivity
11 Introduction to Organic Molecules and Functional Groups
	11.1 Introduction to Organic Chemistry
	11.2 Characteristic Features of Organic Compounds
	11.3 Shapes of Organic Molecules
	11.4 Drawing Organic Molecules
	11.5 Functional Groups
	11.6 Properties of Organic Compounds
	11.7 FOCUS ON HEALTH & MEDICINE: Vitamins
12 Alkanes
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 Simple Alkanes
	12.3 An Introduction to Nomenclature
	12.4 Alkane Nomenclature
	12.5 Cycloalkanes
	12.6 FOCUS ON THE ENVIRONMENT: Methane and Other Fossil Fuels
	12.7 Physical Properties
	12.8 FOCUS ON THE ENVIRONMENT: Combustion
	12.9 Halogenation of Alkanes
13 Unsaturated Hydrocarbons
	13.1 Alkenes and Alkynes
	13.2 Nomenclature of Alkenes and Alkynes
	13.3 Cis–Trans Isomers
	13.4 Interesting Alkenes in Food and Medicine
	13.5 FOCUS ON HEALTH & MEDICINE: Oral Contraceptives
	13.6 Reactions of Alkenes
	13.7 FOCUS ON HEALTH & MEDICINE: Margarine or Butter?
	13.8 Polymers—The Fabric of Modern Society
	13.9 Aromatic Compounds
	13.10 Nomenclature of Benzene Derivatives
	13.11 FOCUS ON HEALTH & MEDICINE: Aromatic Drugs, Sunscreens, and Carcinogens
	13.12 FOCUS ON HEALTH & MEDICINE: Phenols as Antioxidants
	13.13 Reactions of Aromatic Compounds
14 Organic Compounds That Contain Oxygen, Halogen, or Sulfur
	14.1 Introduction
	14.2 Structure and Properties of Alcohols
	14.3 Nomenclature of Alcohols
	14.4 Interesting Alcohols
	14.5 Reactions of Alcohols
	14.6 FOCUS ON HEALTH & MEDICINE: Ethanol, the Most Widely Abused Drug
	14.7 Structure and Properties of Ethers
	14.8 FOCUS ON HEALTH & MEDICINE: Ethers as Anesthetics
	14.9 Alkyl Halides
	14.10 Organic Compounds That Contain Sulfur
15 The Three-Dimensional Shape of Molecules
	15.1 Isomers—A Review
	15.2 Looking Glass Chemistry—Molecules and Their Mirror Images
	15.3 Chirality Centers
	15.4 Chirality Centers in Cyclic Compounds
	15.5 FOCUS ON HEALTH & MEDICINE: Chiral Drugs
	15.6 Fischer Projections
	15.7 Optical Activity
	15.8 Compounds with Two or More Chirality Centers
	15.9 FOCUS ON THE HUMAN BODY: The Sense of Smell
16 Aldehydes and Ketones
	16.1 Structure and Bonding
	16.2 Nomenclature
	16.3 Physical Properties
	16.4 FOCUS ON HEALTH & MEDICINE: Interesting Aldehydes and Ketones
	16.5 Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones
	16.6 Reduction of Aldehydes and Ketones
	16.7 FOCUS ON THE HUMAN BODY: The Chemistry of Vision
	16.8 Acetal Formation
17 Carboxylic Acids, Esters, and Amides
	17.1 Structure and Bonding
	17.2 Nomenclature
	17.3 Physical Properties
	17.4 Interesting Carboxylic Acids in Consumer Products and Medicines
	17.5 Interesting Esters and Amides
	17.6 The Acidity of Carboxylic Acids
	17.7 FOCUS ON HEALTH & MEDICINE: Aspirin
	17.8 The Conversion of Carboxylic Acids to Esters and Amides
	17.9 Hydrolysis of Esters and Amides
	17.10 Synthetic Polymers in Modern Society—Polyamides and Polyesters
	17.11 FOCUS ON HEALTH & MEDICINE: Penicillin
18 Amines and Neurotransmitters
	18.1 Structure and Bonding
	18.2 Nomenclature
	18.3 Physical Properties
	18.4 FOCUS ON HEALTH & MEDICINE: Caffeine and Nicotine
	18.5 Alkaloids—Amines from Plant Sources
	18.6 Amines as Bases
	18.7 FOCUS ON HEALTH & MEDICINE: Ammonium Salts as Useful Drugs
	18.8 Neurotransmitters
	18.9 FOCUS ON HEALTH & MEDICINE: Epinephrine and Related Compounds
	18.10 FOCUS ON HEALTH & MEDICINE: Histamine and Antihistamines
19 Lipids
	19.1 Introduction to Lipids
	19.2 Fatty Acids
	19.3 Waxes
	19.4 Triacylglycerols—Fats and Oils
	19.5 Hydrolysis of Triacylglycerols
	19.6 Phospholipids
	19.7 Cell Membranes
	19.8 FOCUS ON HEALTH & MEDICINE: Cholesterol, the Most Prominent Steroid
	19.9 Steroid Hormones
	19.10 FOCUS ON HEALTH & MEDICINE: Fat-Soluble Vitamins
	19.11 FOCUS ON HEALTH & MEDICINE: Prostaglandins and Leukotrienes
20 Carbohydrates
	20.1 Introduction
	20.2 Monosaccharides
	20.3 The Cyclic Forms of Monosaccharides
	20.4 Reduction and Oxidation of Monosaccharides
	20.5 Disaccharides
	20.6 Polysaccharides
	20.7 FOCUS ON THE HUMAN BODY: Useful Carbohydrate Derivatives
	20.8 FOCUS ON THE HUMAN BODY: Blood Type
21 Amino Acids, Proteins, and Enzymes
	21.1 Introduction
	21.2 Amino Acids
	21.3 Acid–Base Behavior of Amino Acids
	21.4 Peptides
	21.5 FOCUS ON THE HUMAN BODY: Biologically Active Peptides
	21.6 Proteins
	21.7 FOCUS ON THE HUMAN BODY: Common Proteins
	21.8 Protein Hydrolysis and Denaturation
	21.9 Enzymes—Characteristics and Classification
	21.10 How Enzymes Work
	21.11 FOCUS ON HEALTH & MEDICINE: Using Enzymes to Diagnose and Treat Diseases
22 Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis
	22.1 Nucleosides and Nucleotides
	22.2 Nucleic Acids
	22.3 The DNA Double Helix
	22.4 Replication
	22.5 RNA
	22.6 Transcription
	22.7 The Genetic Code
	22.8 Translation and Protein Synthesis
	22.9 Mutations and Genetic Diseases
	22.10 Recombinant DNA
	22.11 FOCUS ON HEALTH & MEDICINE: Viruses
23 Metabolism and Energy Production
	23.1 Introduction
	23.2 An Overview of Metabolism
	23.3 ATP and Energy Production
	23.4 Coenzymes in Metabolism
	23.5 The Citric Acid Cycle
	23.6 The Electron Transport Chain and Oxidative Phosphorylation
	23.7 FOCUS ON HEALTH & MEDICINE: Hydrogen Cyanide
24 Carbohydrate, Lipid, and Protein Metabolism
	24.1 Introduction
	24.2 Understanding Biochemical Reactions
	24.3 Glycolysis
	24.4 The Fate of Pyruvate
	24.5 The ATP Yield from Glucose
	24.6 Gluconeogenesis
	24.7 The Catabolism of Triacylglycerols
	24.8 Ketone Bodies
	24.9 Amino Acid Metabolism
25 Body Fluids 25-1
	25.1 Types of Body Fluids
	25.2 Composition of the Blood
	25.3 The Transport of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide
	25.4 Buffers in the Body
	25.5 The Blood–Brain Barrier
	25.6 The Role of the Kidneys
Appendices
A The Elements
B Periodic Table of the Elements
C Useful Prefixes, Conversion Factors, Physical Constants, and Common Element Colors
D Useful Mathematical Concepts
Glossary
Index
List of How To’s (Online)
List of Selected Applications (Online)