Is the Last Mile the Longest? Economic Gains from Gender Equality in Nordic Countries

Intro
 Preface
 Acknowledgements
 Abbreviations and acronyms
 Executive summary
 1. Overview
 1.1. The Nordic approach to family- and gender-equality policy
 1.2. The Nordic model has helped deliver large gains in gender equality in employment over the past half-century
 1.3. Gains in women's employment can account for a large portion of economic growth in the Nordic countries
 1.4. Further gains from closing gender participation gaps are limited, but potential gains from closing gender working hours gaps are larger
 2. Gender equality in the Nordic countries: Good progress, but more to do 2.1. Boys underperforming at school is a key education concern, but girls are under-represented in STEM subjects2.2. Gender labour market gaps are often small but pay gaps are persistent
 2.2.1. Paid, unpaid work and egalitarian attitudes
 2.3. The overall Nordic social policy stance
 2.4. How did we get here? The development of family and gender-equality policy in the Nordic countries
 2.4.1. Developing early childhood education and care systems
 2.4.2. Leave to care for children 3. Progress and the pay-off: How investment in gender equality in the Nordic countries have contributed to economic growth3.1. Gains in female employment have made large contributions to Nordic economic growth
 3.1.1. Most gains have come through increases in employment among women of parenting-age, but older female workers have contributed too
 3.2. Changes in employed women's working hours have made a muted contribution to economic growth in the Nordic countries
 3.3. The Nordics' gender-equal employment outcomes continue to contribute to their relative prosperity 4. Not there yet: Potential for further gains in the Nordic countries4.1. Closing remaining gender participation gaps will produce only relatively small economic benefits for the Nordic countries
 4.1.1. A modest effect on future growth
 4.2. Closing remaining gender working hours gaps could extend economic gains in the Nordic countries
 References
 Annex A. Additional tables and figures
 Annex B. Methods and data
 Growth accounting estimates in Sections 3.1 and 3.2
 Theoretical model
 Data and estimation procedure
 Development accounting estimates in Section 3.3
 Theoretical model Data and estimation procedureForward-looking labour force and GDP per capita projections in Section 4
 Notes