Iron Age Chariot Burials in Britain and the Near Continent: Networks of mobility, exchange and belief in the third and second centuries BC

Cover
Title page
Copyright
Of Related Interest
Contents
List of Figures
List of Tables
Foreword
Abstract
1. Introduction
	1.1. A decade of new discoveries and research
	1.2. The Arras Culture
	1.3. Methodology
	1.4. Use of historical sources
	1.5. Terminology
	1.6. Chronology
2. The Arras Culture of eastern Yorkshire
	2.1. Eastern Yorkshire in its British context
	2.2. Yorkshire and the Arras Culture
	2.3. Geographical study area
	2.4. Funerary practices in eastern Yorkshire
		2.4.1. Inhumation
		2.4.2. From round to square barrows
		2.4.3. From isolated barrows to large size cemeteries?
		2.4.4. The large cemeteries of the Yorkshire Wolds
		2.4.5. Burial types
			2.4.5.1. Type A burials
			2.4.5.2. Type B burials
			2.4.5.3. Type B and C warrior burials
			2.4.5.4. Type C burials with mirrors
			2.4.5.5. Type C burials with vehicles and horse harness
			2.4.5.6. Type D burials
			2.4.5.7. Animal burials
		2.4.6. Organic grave goods
		2.4.7. Location of cemeteries in the landscape
	2.5. Chariot burials
		2.5.1. Location
		2.5.2. Barrows and grave pits
		2.5.3. Complete versus dismantled chariots
		2.5.4. The interior organisation of dismantled chariot burials
		2.5.5. Coffin or vehicle body?
		2.5.6. Vehicle parts and horse harness
		2.5.7. Weapons
		2.5.8. The deceased
		2.5.9. The horses
		2.5.10. Other animal bones
	2.6. The start of the Arras Culture
		2.6.1. Overview
		2.6.2. The earliest brooches
		2.6.3. The chariot burials
		2.6.4. Bayesian analysis of radiocarbon dates
		2.6.5. Heirlooms and antiques
	2.7. Natural sciences and the population of East Yorkshire
		2.7.1. Radiocarbon dating
		2.7.2. Isotope evidence
		2.7.3. Skeletal evidence for engendered violence
	2.8. Non-funerary features of the East Yorkshire landscape
		2.8.1. Linear earthworks
		2.8.2. Settlements
		2.8.3. Means of subsistence
	2.9. A few preliminary conclusions
		2.9.1. Burials: a reflection of social status?
		2.9.2. Import of ideas and luxury materials from the Continent
	2.10. British chariot burials outside Yorkshire
		2.10.1. Scotland
		2.10.2. Wales
		2.10.3. Other regions
3. The Middle Rhine – Moselle region
	3.1. Chariot burials and general funerary practices
		3.1.1. Location and history
		3.1.2. Disposal of the dead
		3.1.3. Superstructures and enclosures
		3.1.4. Grave pits
		3.1.5. General arrangement of chariot burials
			3.1.5.1. Position of the vehicle
			3.1.5.2. Position and orientation of the deceased (inhumations)
			3.1.5.3. Dismantled chariot burials
		3.1.6. The deceased
		3.1.7. Vehicle parts and horse harness
		3.1.8. Grave goods
	3.2. The Middle Rhine – Moselle region versus the Arras Culture
4. The Netherlands
5. The Aisne-Marne and neighbouring regions
	5.1. General funerary practices
		5.1.1. Data
		5.1.2. Disposal of the dead
		5.1.3. Position and orientation of the deceased
		5.1.4. Multiple burials
		5.1.5. Disturbance and reopening of graves
		5.1.6. Enclosures
		5.1.7. Superstructures: barrows and mortuary houses
		5.1.8. Grave pits
		5.1.9. Cemetery organisation
		5.1.10. Grave goods
		5.1.11. The funerary scene in LT B2
	5.2. Chariot burials – southern Champagne and northern Burgundy (LT A1)
	5.3. Chariot burials - Marne, Aisne, southern Ardennes and Meuse (LT A-B)
		5.3.1. Location and history
		5.3.2. Chariot burials and cemeteries
		5.3.3. Disposal of the dead
		5.3.4. Superstructures and enclosures
		5.3.5. Grave pits
		5.3.6. General burial arrangement
		5.3.7. The deceased
		5.3.8. Vehicle parts and horse harness
		5.3.9. Grave goods
	5.4. Chariot burials - Aisne and northern Ardennes (LT C-D1)
	5.5. The Aisne-Marne during LT B2
	5.6. The Aisne-Marne region versus the Arras Culture
6. The Belgian Ardennes
	6.1. Chariot burials and general funerary practices
		6.1.1. Chariot burials and cemeteries
		6.1.2. Disposal of the dead
		6.1.3. Superstructures and enclosures
		6.1.4. Grave pits
		6.1.5. The deceased
		6.1.6. General arrangement of chariot burials
		6.1.7. Vehicle parts and horse harness
		6.1.8. Grave goods
	6.2. The origins of the La Tène culture of the Belgian Ardennes
	6.3. The Belgian Ardennes and the origins of the Arras Culture
		6.3.1. Demographic fluctuations in the Belgian Ardennes
		6.3.2. ‘Poor grave goods’ and ‘plain vehicles’?
		6.3.3. Other issues
		6.3.4. Conclusion
7. The Luxembourg Ardennes
8. The Paris area
	8.1. Chariot burials and general funerary practices
		8.1.1. Chariot burials and cemeteries
		8.1.2. Disposal of the dead
		8.1.3. Superstructures and enclosures
		8.1.4. Grave pits
		8.1.5. The deceased
		8.1.6. General arrangement of chariot burials
		8.1.7. Vehicle parts and horse harness
		8.1.8. Grave goods
		8.1.9. Settlements
	8.2. The origins
		8.2.1. A new population of mixed origins?
		8.2.2. A local development?
		8.2.3. Conclusion
	8.3. The Paris area versus the Arras Culture
		8.3.1. The Parisi and the Parisii
		8.3.2. The burial tradition
		8.3.3. Vehicle parts and horse harness
		8.3.4. Art style
		8.3.5. Settlements
		8.3.6. Same origins?
		8.3.7. Conclusion
9. The ‘Groupe de la Haine’ (Belgium)
	9.1. Sites
	9.2. Disposal of the dead
	9.3. Vehicle parts and horse harness
	9.4. Types of chariot burials
	9.5. Grave goods
	9.6. Sanctuary
	9.7. Origins and connection with Arras Culture?
10. The Aisne valley in the Oise department
	10.1. The 1926 chariot burial
	10.2. The 2009 chariot burials
11. Normandy
12. Burials with parts of vehicle and/or 
harness in northern Gaul
	12.1. Geographical distribution
	12.2. Origins and dating
	12.3. Complete and pars pro toto chariot burials
	12.4. A special composition
	12.5. Northern Gaul versus the Arras Culture in this period
13. Eastern Yorkshire versus Northern Gaul
	13.1. Dating
		13.1.1. Iron wheel tyres
		13.1.2. Supporting evidence
		13.1.3. Rationale behind and disproof of traditional dating
	13.2. Comparison of funerary practices
		13.2.1. Inhumation versus cremation
		13.2.2. Position and orientation of the body
		13.2.3. Chariot burials
		13.2.4. Complete and dismantled chariots
		13.2.5. Square barrows, square enclosures
		13.2.6. No perfect match …
		13.2.7. … so no migration?
	13.3. Conclusion and further questions
14. Third century BC: Changes in long-distance networks
	14.1. Social networks theory
	14.2. Closer contacts in the third century BC
		14.2.1. Northern Gaul in the fifth and fourth centuries BC
		14.2.2. Northern Gaul in the third century BC
		14.2.3. Internationalisation
		14.2.4. Evolution of elite networks between the fifth and the third centuries BC
		14.2.5. New connections
			14.2.5.1. Culture-historical hypothesis
			14.2.5.2. Alternative theory
		14.2.6. The Arras Culture: part of the Gaulish networks?
	14.3. Conclusion
15. Functioning of elite and religious networks
	15.1. Mechanisms and strategies of elite networks
		15.1.1. Strategic marriages
		15.1.2. Clientship
			15.1.2.1. Base and free clientship
			15.1.2.2. Competition and status
			15.1.2.3. Archaeological evidence
		15.1.3. Fosterage
		15.1.4. Hostageship
			15.1.4.1. Different types of hostageship
			15.1.4.2. Selection of hostages
			15.1.4.3. Treatment of hostages
			15.1.4.4. The role of hostageship in the formation and maintenance of social networks
	15.2. A well-connected evangelist
		15.2.1. The druids
			15.2.1.1. The sources
			15.2.1.2. The druids’ knowledge
			15.2.1.3. Ritual, religion and burial
			15.2.1.4. Connections and privileges
			15.2.1.5. Counsellors of kings
		15.2.2. Druids and the Arras Culture: a possible scenario
16. Conclusion
Bibliography
	Classical Texts
	Modern sources
Appendix A. Catalogue:Chariot burials of the third and second centuries BC
Appendix B. Non-exhaustive inventory: Chariot burials of the fifth and fourth centuries BC
Appendix C. Glossary: vehicle and horse harness terminology
Appendix D. Glossary of Continental terms
Appendix E. Translations of classical texts quoted in section 15.2
Back Cover