Invitation to the Life Span

About this Book
	Cover Page
	Title Page
	Copyright Page
	About the Authors
	Brief Contents
	Contents
	Preface
Part One: The Beginnings
	Chapter 1 The Science of Human Development
		Understanding How and Why
			The Scientific Method
				A View from Science: Overweight Children and Adult Health
			The Nature–Nurture Question
		The Life-Span Perspective
			Development Is Multi-Directional
			Development Is Multi-Contextual
			Development Is Multi-Cultural
				Visualizing Development: Diverse Complexities
				Opposing Perspectives: Using the Word Race
			Development Is Plastic
				A Case to Study: My Nephew David
		Theories of Human Development
			Psychoanalytic Theory
			Behaviorism
			Cognitive Theory
			Evolutionary Theory
		The Scientific Method
			Observation
			Experiments
			Surveys
			Studying Development over the Life Span
			Solutions and Challenges from Science
			Ethics
		Summary
	Chapter 2 From Conception to Birth
		Genes and Chromosomes
			Variations Among People
			Genotype and Phenotype
			Shared and Divergent Genes
			Male and Female
				Opposing Perspectives: Too Many Boys?
			Twins
			Genetic Interactions
		From Zygote to Newborn
			The First 14 Days
			Embryo: From the Third Through the Eighth Week
			Fetus: From the Ninth Week Until Birth
		Problems and Solutions
			Chromosomal Anomalies
			Gene Disorders
			Genetic Counseling
			Prenatal Harm
				A Case to Study: Blame the Mother
			Low Birthweight: Causes and Consequences
				A View from Science: International Comparisons
		Finally, a Baby
			The Newborn’s First Minutes
				Visualizing Development: A Healthy Newborn
			Medical Assistance at Birth
			The New Family
		Summary
Part Two: The First Two Years
	Chapter 3 Body and Mind
		Growth in Infancy
			Body Size
			Sleep
				Opposing Perspectives: Where Should Babies Sleep?
			Brain Development
				Inside the Brain: Brain Basics
			The Senses
			Motor Skills
		Infant Cognition
			Sensorimotor Intelligence
			Information Processing
		Language: What Develops in the First Two Years?
			The Universal Sequence
				Visualizing Development: Early Communication and Language Development
			Theories of Language Learning
		Surviving and Thriving
			Better Days Ahead
				A View from Science: Scientist at Work
			Immunization
			Nutrition
				A Case to Study: Breast-Feeding in My Family
			Malnutrition
		Summary
	Chapter 4 Psychosocial Development
		Emotional Development
			Early Emotions
			Toddlers’ Emotions
			Temperament
				Inside the Brain: The Growth of Emotions
		The Development of Social Bonds
			Synchrony
			Attachment
				A View from Science: Measuring Attachment
				A Case to Study: Can We Bear This Commitment?
				Visualizing Development: Developing Attachment
			Social Referencing
			Fathers as Social Partners
		Theories of Infant Psychosocial Development
			Psychoanalytic Theory
			Behaviorism
			Cognitive Theory
			Evolutionary Theory
		Who Should Care for Babies?
			Infant Day Care
				Opposing Perspectives: Infant Day Care
			Recent Past and Present
		Summary
Part Three: Early Childhood
	Chapter 5 Body and Mind
		Body Changes
			Growth Patterns
			Nutrition
			Brain Development
				Inside the Brain: Connected Hemispheres
		Thinking During Early Childhood
			Piaget: Preoperational Thought
				A Case to Study: Stones in the Belly
			Vygotsky: Social Learning
			Children’s Theories
				A View from Science: Witness to a Crime
		Language Learning
			A Sensitive Time
			The Vocabulary Explosion
			Acquiring Grammar
			Learning Two Languages
		Early-Childhood Education
			Research on Costs and Benefits
			Quality of Early Education
				Visualizing Development: Early-Childhood Schooling
				Opposing Perspectives: Comparing Child-Centered and Teacher-Directed Preschools
		Summary
	Chapter 6 Psychosocial Development
		Emotional Development
			Initiative Versus Guilt
			Motivation
		Play
			Playmates
				Visualizing Development: Less Play, Less Safe?
			Social Play
		Challenges for Caregivers
			Styles of Caregiving
			Discipline
				Opposing Perspectives: Is Spanking OK?
			Becoming Boys or Girls: Sex and Gender
				A Case to Study: The Berger Daughters
			What Is Best?
			Teaching Right and Wrong
		Harm to Children
			Avoidable Injury
			Prevention
				A View from Science: Lead in the Environment
			Child Maltreatment
			Preventing Harm
		Summary
Part Four: Middle Childhood
	Chapter 7 Body and Mind
		A Healthy Time
			Health Habits
			Physical Activity
			Brain Development
			Health Problems in Middle Childhood
				Visualizing Development: Childhood Obesity Around the Globe
		Cognition
			Piaget in Middle Childhood
				Inside the Brain: Coordination and Capacity
			Vygotsky and Culture
				A Case to Study: Is She Going to Die?
			Information Processing
			Control Processes
			Language
		Teaching and Learning
			The Hidden Curriculum
			Schooling in the United States
		Children with Special Brains and Bodies
			Measuring the Mind
			Special Needs in Middle Childhood
				Opposing Perspectives: Drug Treatment for ADHD and Other Disorders
			Specific Learning Disorders
			Special Education
			Early Intervention
			Gifted and Talented
		Summary
	Chapter 8 Psychosocial Development
		The Nature of the Child
			Industry and Inferiority
			Parental Reactions
			Self-Concept
			Resilience and Stress
		Families During Middle Childhood
			Shared and Nonshared Environments
				A View from Science: “I Always Dressed One in Blue Stuff. . .”
			Function and Structure
			Various Family Structures
			Connecting Family Structure and Function
				A Case to Study: How Hard Is It to Be A Kid?
				Opposing Perspectives: The Extended Family
				Visualizing Development: A Wedding, or Not? Family Structures Around the World
			Family Trouble
		The Peer Group
			The Culture of Children
			Friendships
			Popular and Unpopular Children
			Bullying
			Children’s Morality
		Summary
Part Five: Adolescence
	Chapter 9 Body and Mind
		Puberty Begins
			Sequence
				Inside the Brain: Impulses, Rewards, and Reflection
			Early or Late?
		Growth, Nutrition, and Sex
			Growing Bigger and Stronger
			Diet Deficiencies
				Visualizing Development: Satisfied with Your Body?
			Sexual Maturation
			Sexual Problems in Adolescence
		Cognitive Development
			Egocentrism
			Formal Operational Thought
			Two Modes of Thinking
				A Case to Study: Biting the Policeman
		Secondary Education
			Definitions and Facts
			Middle School
				Opposing Perspectives: Digital Natives
				A View from Science: Computer Use as a Symptom
			High School
		Summary
	Chapter 10 Psychosocial Development
		Identity
			Not Yet Achieved
			Four Arenas of Identity Formation
		Close Relationships
			Parents
				A View from Science: Teenagers, Genes, and Parents
			Peer Power
				A Case to Study: The Naiveté of Your Author
			Learning About Sex
		Sadness and Anger
			Depression
			Delinquency and Defiance
				Visualizing Development: Adolescent Bullying
		Drug Use and Abuse
			Variations in Drug Use
				Opposing Perspectives: E-Cigarettes: Path to Addiction or Healthy Choice?
			Harm from Drugs
			Preventing Drug Abuse: What Works?
		Summary
Part Six: Adulthood
	Chapter 11 Emerging Adulthood
		Body Development
			Opposing Perspectives: A Welcome Stage, or just Weird?
			Strong and Active Bodies
			Fertility, Then and Now
			Taking Risks
				A Case to Study: An Adrenaline Junkie
		Cognitive Development
			A Fifth Stage
				Inside the Brain: Neurological Advances in Emerging Adulthood
			Countering Stereotypes
				A View from Science: Stereotype Threat
			The Effects of College
				Visualizing Development: Why Study?
			The Effects of Diversity
		Psychosocial Development
			Identity Achievement
			Personality in Emerging Adulthood
			Intimacy
			Cohabitation
		Summary
	Chapter 12 Body and Mind
		Growing Older
			Breathing
			The Brain with Age
				Inside the Brain: Neurons Forming in Adulthood
			The Senses
			Outward Appearance
			The Sexual-Reproductive System
		Habits: Good and Bad
			Exercise
			Drugs
			Nutrition
				Visualizing Development: Adult Overweight Around the Globe
			Correlating Income and Health
		Intelligence Throughout Adulthood
			General Intelligence
				Opposing Perspectives: How to Measure Dynamic Intelligence
			Putting It All Together
			Components of Intelligence: Many and Varied
		Becoming an Expert
			Optimization with Compensation
			Expert Cognition
				A View from Science: Who Wins in Soccer?
			Expertise, Age, and Experience
				A Case to Study: Parenting Expertise
		Summary
	Chapter 13 Psychosocial Development
		Personality Development in Adulthood
			Erikson’s Theory
			Maslow’s Theory of Personality
			Trait Theories
			Common Themes
		Intimacy: Connecting with Others
			Romantic Partners
				A Case to Study: The Benefits of Marriage
			Friends and Acquaintances
			Family Bonds
		Generativity: The Work of Adulthood
			Parenthood
				A View from Science: The Skipped-Generation Family
			Caregiving
				Visualizing Development: Family Connections, Family Caregiving
			Employment
				Opposing Perspectives: Accommodating Diversity
			Finding the Balance
		Summary
Part Seven: Late Adulthood
	Chapter 14 Body and Mind
		New Understanding of Old Age
			Demography
			Theories of Aging
				A View from Science: Calorie Restriction
			The Prejudice
			The Facts
		Selective Optimization with Compensation
			Microsystem Compensation: Sex
				A Case to Study: Should Older Couples Have More Sex?
			Macrosystem Compensation: Driving
			Exosystem Compensation: The Senses
			Chronosystem Compensation: The Brain
		Information Processing After Age 65
			Inside the Brain: Thinking Slow
			Input
			Memory
			Control Processes
			Output
		Neurocognitive Disorders
			The Ageism of Words
			Prevalence of NCDs
			The Many Neurocognitive Disorders
			Preventing Impairment
				Visualizing Development: Global Prevalence of Major Neurocognitive Disorders
			Reversible Neurocognitive Disorder?
		New Cognitive Development
			Erikson and Maslow
			Learning Late in Life
			Aesthetic Sense and Creativity
			Wisdom
		Summary
	Chapter 15 Psychosocial Development
		Theories of Late Adulthood
			Self Theories
				A Case to Study: Saving Old Newspapers
			Stratification Theories
				Opposing Perspectives: A Critique of Stratification Theories
		Activities in Late Adulthood
			Working
			Home Sweet Home
				Visualizing Development: Life After 65: Living Independently
			Religious Involvement
			Political Activity
			Friends and Relatives
		The Frail Elderly
			Activities of Daily Life
			Preventing Frailty
			Cognitive Failure
			Caring for the Frail Elderly
			Long-Term Care
		Summary
	Epilogue: Death and Dying
		Death and Hope
			Cultures, Epochs, and Death
			Understanding Death Throughout the Life Span
			Near-Death Experiences
		Choices in Dying
			A Good Death
			Better Ways to Die
			Ethical Issues
			Advance Directives
				Opposing Perspectives: The “Right to Die”?
				A Case to Study: Terri Schiavo
		Affirmation of Life
			Grief
			Mourning
			Placing Blame and Seeking Meaning
			Diversity of Reactions
				A View from Science: Resilience After a Death
		Summary
Appendix: More About Research Methods
Glossary
References
Name Index
Subject Index
Back Cover