Invisible Light: The Remarkable Story of Radiology

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgements
Author Bio
Chapter 1 Röntgen’s Discovery and Its Background
	Introduction
	Early History
	Röntgen and the Discovery of X-rays
	Notes
Chapter 2 The Early Radiology Departments and the Problems They Faced
	Arthur Schuster and Early Manchester Radiology
	Antoine Béclère and French Radiology
	Guido Holzknecht and Viennese Radiology
	Practice in the Early Radiology Departments
	Florence Stoney and the Royal Free Hospital
	Notes
Chapter 3 Radiology and Culture
	Written Literature
	Films and Theatre
	Visual Media
	X-Ray Vision
	Conclusions
	Notes
Chapter 4 Radiology and Anatomy
	Traditional Anatomy
	Charles Thurstan Holland
	John Poland and the Development of Standards for Bone Maturation
	John Poland and Epiphyseal Anatomy and Classification of Fractures
	William J. Morton
	Growth of the Radiological Atlas
	Angiography and Vascular Anatomy
	Angiography and the Nuffield Institute for Medical Research, Oxford
	Alban Köhler
	Sebastian Gilbert Scott
	Theodore Keats
	Fantasy Surgery and Arbuthnot Lane’s Disease
	Modern Anatomical Studies
		Radiological Anatomy
	Notes
Chapter 5 Dangers in the X-Ray Department
	Electrical Injuries
	Radiation Injuries
	The London Hospital Radiographers
	Dr. Emilio Tiraboschi (1862–1912)
	The French Radiation Martyrs
	The British 1915 Protection Regulations
	Ironside Bruce and the Development of Standards
	Hazards to Patients and the Adrian Committee
	The Radiologist as Guinea Pig
	X-Ray Processing and Darkroom Disease
	Notes
Chapter 6 Tubes, Plates, and Screens
	The X-Ray Tube
	William Coolidge and His Tube
	X-Ray Film
	Automatic Processing
	Plate and Film Storage
	Soviet Era X-Ray Audio
	Fluoroscopy
	X-Ray Television
	Digital Radiography
	Digital Fluoroscopy and Digital Subtraction Angiography
	A Brief History of PACS
	Teleradiology
	Artificial Intelligence
	Conclusion
	Notes
Chapter 7 Radiologically Guided Intervention
	Imaging Informed Intervention
	Imaging Guided Intervention
	Pneumothorax Aspiration
	Foreign Body Removal
	Early Natural Orifice Interventions
	Oesophageal Intervention
	Large Bowel Intervention
	Renal Tract Interventions
	Modern Image Guided Intervention
	The Birth of Modern Interventional Radiology
	Further Development of Interventional Radiology
	The Developing Scope of Interventional Radiology
	Notes
Chapter 8 Contrast Media
	Introduction
	Types of Contrast Media
	The Gastrointestinal Tract
	The Renal Tract
		Retrograde Pyelography/Pyeloureterography
	Intravenous Pyelography (IVP)
	Contrast Media Design
		Early Contrast Media
	Low-Osmolar Contrast Media
	Myelographic Agents
	The Second-Generation Low-Osmolar Contrast Media
	Non-ionic Dimers
	The Graham Test and Biliary Contrast Agents
	Angiography
		Post-Mortem Angiography in Vienna
		Egas Moniz and the Portuguese School of Angiography
	Thorotrast in Angiography and Its Consequences
	The Seldinger Technique and the Development of Catheter Angiography
	Neuroradiology
		Ventriculography, Encephalography, and Air Myelography
	Myelographic Agents
		Lipiodol
	Myodil (Pantopaque)
	Water-soluble Agents
	Bronchography
	Interstitial Air Studies
	Retroperitoneal Air Studies
	Presacral Perirenal Pneumography
	Pneumomammography/Röntgen Pneumastasia
	Diagnostic Pneumoperitoneum/Gynaecography
	Conclusion
	Notes
Chapter 9 Radiology and Women
	Women as Radiologists and Practitioners
	Florence Ada Stoney (1870–1932)
	Evangelia (Lia) Farmakidou (1890–1982)
	Kathleen Clara Clark (1898–1968)
	Radiological Protection Considerations for Women
	The Thorascope and Breast Cancer
	Alice Stewart and the Oxford Childhood Cancer Survey
	Notes
Chapter 10 Tomography: Mechanical to Computed
	A Premonition of Tomography
	Classical Tomography
	Axial Transverse Tomography
	Pluri-directional Tomography
	Tomosynthesis
	Panoramic Dental Radiography
	Computed Tomography
	Allan Cormack
	Other Workers
	Godfrey Hounsfield
	Electron Beam CT
	Notes
Chapter 11 NMR to MRI
	Magnetism and Electromagnetism
	Medical and Popular Magnetism
	NMR to MRI
	NMR Imaging
	MRI and Anatomy
	Conclusion
	Notes
Chapter 12 The Future
	The Environmental Impact of Modern Imaging
	The Equitable Access to Medical Imaging
	The Relationship of Image and Reality
	The Nature of Modern Medicine
	Wellness and Well-being
	The Future of Intervention
	The Future of Imaging
	Phronesis and Conclusion
	Notes
Index