Investigations into the Dyeing Industry in Pompeii: Experimental Archaeology and Computer Simulation Techniques

Cover
Title Page
Copyright page
Contents Page
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Preface
Chapter Zero
Preface to the published thesis
	Introduction
	How and why the approach of this study differed
	How location and time affected this study
		Location
		Study in the context of time and technological developments
	Development of experimental archaeology
	Overview of the study
		Background to this study
		New approaches within this study
			Surveying the original apparatus in 2002
			The survey in 2002: water supply
			The survey in 2002: finding a ‘Real Roman’
			The survey in 2002: defining ‘Recording’, ‘Conservation’, ‘Reconstruction’
		Redefining ‘experiment’
		Finite Element Analysis
		‘Roman’ vs ‘Modern’ manufacturing
		Intangible questions
		Expansion since the doctorate was awarded
	Presentations and publications since this thesis was submitted
		Publications
		In Press
		Conferences presentations
		Seminars given
Acknowledgements to the published thesis
Timeline of previous work relevant to this study
Chapter One
Introduction to the dyeing industry of Pompeii
	1.1 The significance of the scale of manufacture of textiles in Pompeii
		1.1.1. Aims and Objectives
		1.1.2. Nature of this investigation
	1.2 Literature Review
		1.2.1 Research background
		1.2.2 Roman Dye vat design
		1.2.3 The debate so far
		I viii 19
			Previous work: A Strengths and Weakness Analysis
			Moeller
			Jongman
			Mann
			Laurence
			Summary
		1.2.4 Quantifying archaeological writing
			Related work
			Watling, 2004
	1.3 The significance of this study
		1.3.1 To conclude
	1.4 Thesis Outline:
Chapter Two
Literature Review
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Textile processing
	2.3 Dye types
	2.4 When to dye: Stage at which dyeing takes place
	2.5 Roman textiles
	2.6 Requirements for dyeing
	2.7 Consumables used in manufacture
		2.7.1 Fleece
		2.7.2 Mordants
		2.7.3 Roman dyes
		2.7.4 To summarise
	2.8 Undyed textile
	2.9 Process consumables
		2.9.1. Water supply
		2.9.2 Water content
		2.9.3 Water quality
		2.9.4 Reliability of ancient and modern sources on water
		2.9.5 Fuel
	2.10 Recipe directions
		2.10.1The Recipe used in this study
			Recipe for mordanting
			Recipe for mordanting:
			Recipe for dyeing with madder:
			Times for recipe
	2.11 Removing the water
	2.12 Quantity of textile
		2.12.1 Roman garments
		2.12.2 Pictorial representation of Roman dress
		2.12.3 Problems with depiction
	2.13 Population
	2.14 Intangible evidence
	2.15 Summary
Chapter Three
Experimental Replica
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 A differing approach
	3.3 Experimental archaeology
	3.4 Constructing the apparatus
	3.5 Experiment One: Preliminary experimentation
	3.6 Experiment Two
		3.6.1 Hypothesis
		3.6.2 Apparatus
		3.6.3 Diagram
		3.6.4 Method
		3.6.5 Results
		3.6.6 Discussion
		3.6.7 Conclusions from practical experiment
		3.6.8 Summary
	3.7 Discussion
		3.7.1 Reconstruction
		3.7.2 The use of wood or charcoal
		3.7.3 Relative energy of wood and charcoal
	3.8 Further work
Chapter Four
Review of Remains in situ
	4.1 Fieldwork in Pompeii
	4.2 Gazetteer of the dye vats discovered in Pompeii to date
		4.2.1 Defining the dye vats
			Attributes of a dye vat following the operation of a replica:
		4.2.2 Extent of excavation in Pompeii.
	4.3 The Survey and Gazetteer
		4.3.1 Summary of dye vats
			Property I viii 19
			Properties V I 4 and V I 5
			Property VII xiv 17
			Property VII ii 11
			Property IX iii 2
		4.3.2 The discounted ‘dye vat’
		4.3.3 Flued vats
		4.3.4 Vats and steps
	4.4 Water supply to dye works
	4.5 Discrepancy between the digital map and the aerial photograph of Pompeii
	4.6 Bowing
	4.7 Recent excavation
	4.8 Further work
Full Gazetteer of Dyeing Apparatus in Pompeii
Chapter Five
Application of Ergonomics to Apparatus and Skeletal data
	5.1 Ergonomics of a dyeing apparatus
	5.2 The height of the average Roman
	5.3 Ergonomics
	5.4 Skeletal evidence from Herculaneum
	5.5 Build
	5.6 Criticism of data
	5.7 Difference of approach
	5.8 Studying Pompeii and Herculaneum
	5.9 Understanding modern ergonomics
	5.10 Lifting
	5.11 Working day
	5.12 Nutrition
	5.13 Necessary steps
		Property I viii 19
			Property Vi4
			Property Vi5
			Property VII ii 11
			Property VII xiv 17
			Property IX iii 2
	5.14 Summary
	5.15 Further work
Chapter Six
Flued Experimental replica
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Flued vats
	6.3 Vat size discrepancies in the replicas
	6.4 Experiment Three
		6.4.1 Hypothesis
		6.4.2 Diagram
		6.4.3 Apparatus
		6.4.4 Method
		6.4.5 Results
		6.4.6 Discussion
		6.4.7 Conclusion to Experiment Three
	6.5 Stress on the vats
	6.6 Summary
Chapter Seven
The Finite Element model
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Replicating the material behaviour of the apparatus
	7.3 Creep
	7.4 Changes over time
	7.5 A virtual replica
		7.5.1 Modelling the dye vat
		7.5.2 Finite element analysis
		7.5.3 Modelling creep
	7.6 Requirements for the model
		7.6.1 Experiment Four
			7.6.1.1 Hypothesis
			7.6.1.2 Apparatus
			7.6.1.3 Diagram
			7.6.1.4 Method
			7.6.1.5 Results
			7.6.1.6 Discussion of Experiment Four
			7.6.1.7 Conclusion to Experiment Four
		7.6.2 Average temperature profile
	7.7 Constructing the finite element model
		7.7.1 Modelling the apparatus in the computer
		7.7.2 Geometric model
		7.7.3 Material properties
		7.7.4 Loading
			7.7.4.1 Self-weight
			7.7.4.2 Hydrostatic loading
			7.7.4.3 Static load
		7.7.5 Introduction of temperature
	7.8 Results
	7.9 The constructed dyeing apparatus
	7.10 Summary
Chapter Eight
Discussion
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 This work in context
		8.2.1. Experimental archaeology
		8.2.2 Definition of experiment
	8.3 Review of standing remains
	8.4 Ergonomics
	8.5 Summary of each section of work
		8.5.1 Original work, the foundation of study
		8.5.2 Preliminary work
	8.6 Assumptions applied to the industry
	8.7 The new findings from this study
		8.7.1 Significance of lead
		8.7.2  Comparison of modern manufacturing systems to Roman dyeing
			8.7.2.1 Inputs and outputs
			8.7.2.2 Buffers
			8.7.2.3 Storage
			8.7.2.4 Information Process Cycle
	8.8 Conclusions
	8.9 Further work
Glossary
References
Appendices
	Appendix One
		Coding Pompeii: The layout of the city and address description
			Location of dye works in Pompeii
			Location of properties
				Property I viii 19
				Properties Vi4 and Vi5
				Property VII ii 11
				Property IX iii 2
				Property VII xiv 17
	Appendix Two
		Understanding the economic influence of the dyeing industry in Pompeii through the application of experimental archaeology and thermodynamics
			Abstract
			Introduction
			Dye vat design
			Methodology
			Implementation of Engineering Theory
			Results
			Conclusion
			Bibliography
	Appendix Three
	Appendix Four: Assembling lead data for model
	Appendix Five: Abaqus input decks
		Input deck for the lead column at 20oC, used to gain the data for the input deck for lead kettle.
		Input deck for the lead column at 40oC, used to gain the data for the input deck for lead kettle.
		Input deck for the lead kettle
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