Inverse Synthetic Aperture Radar Imaging With MATLAB Algorithms

Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
Preface to the Second Edition
Acknowledgments
Acronyms
Chapter 1 Basics of Fourier Analysis
	1.1 Forward and Inverse Fourier Transform
		1.1.1 Brief History of FT
		1.1.2 Forward FT Operation
		1.1.3 IFT
	1.2 FT Rules and Pairs
		1.2.1 Linearity
		1.2.2 Time Shifting
		1.2.3 Frequency Shifting
		1.2.4 Scaling
		1.2.5 Duality
		1.2.6 Time Reversal
		1.2.7 Conjugation
		1.2.8 Multiplication
		1.2.9 Convolution
		1.2.10 Modulation
		1.2.11 Derivation and Integration
		1.2.12 Parseval's Relationship
	1.3 Time-Frequency Representation of a Signal
		1.3.1 Signal in the Time Domain
		1.3.2 Signal in the Frequency Domain
		1.3.3 Signal in the Joint Time-Frequency (JTF) Plane
	1.4 Convolution and Multiplication Using FT
	1.5 Filtering/Windowing
	1.6 Data Sampling
	1.7 DFT and FFT
		1.7.1 DFT
		1.7.2 FFT
		1.7.3 Bandwidth and Resolutions
	1.8 Aliasing
	1.9 Importance of FT in Radar Imaging
	1.10 Effect of Aliasing in Radar Imaging
	1.11 Matlab Codes
	References
Chapter 2 Radar Fundamentals
	2.1 Electromagnetic Scattering
	2.2 Scattering from PECs
	2.3 Radar Cross Section
		2.3.1 Definition of RCS
		2.3.2 RCS of Simple-Shaped Objects
		2.3.3 RCS of Complex-Shaped Objects
	2.4 Radar Range Equation
		2.4.1 Bistatic Case
		2.4.2 Monostatic Case
	2.5 Range of Radar Detection
		2.5.1 Signal-to-Noise Ratio
	2.6 Radar Waveforms
		2.6.1 Continuous Wave
		2.6.2 Frequency-Modulated Continuous Wave
		2.6.3 Stepped-Frequency Continuous Wave
		2.6.4 Short Pulse
		2.6.5 Chirp (LFM) Pulse
	2.7 Pulsed Radar
		2.7.1 Pulse Repetition Frequency
		2.7.2 Maximum Range and Range Ambiguity
		2.7.3 Doppler Frequency
	2.8 Matlab Codes
	References
Chapter 3 Synthetic Aperture Radar
	3.1 SAR Modes
	3.2 SAR System Design
	3.3 Resolutions in SAR
	3.4 SAR Image Formation
	3.5 Range Compression
		3.5.1 Matched Filter
			3.5.1.1 Computing Matched Filter Output via Fourier Processing
			3.5.1.2 Example for Matched Filtering
		3.5.2 Ambiguity Function
			3.5.2.1 Relation to Matched Filter
			3.5.2.2 Ideal Ambiguity Function
			3.5.2.3 Rectangular-Pulse Ambiguity Function
			3.5.2.4 LFM-Pulse Ambiguity Function
		3.5.3 Pulse Compression
			3.5.3.1 Detailed Processing of Pulse Compression
			3.5.3.2 Bandwidth, Resolution, and Compression Issues for LFM Signal
			3.5.3.3 Pulse Compression Example
	3.6 Azimuth Compression
		3.6.1 Processing in Azimuth
		3.6.2 Azimuth Resolution
		3.6.3 Relation to ISAR
	3.7 SAR Imaging
	3.8 SAR Focusing Algorithms
		3.8.1 RDA
			3.8.1.1 Range Compression in RDA
			3.8.1.2 Azimuth Fourier Transform
			3.8.1.3 Range Cell Migration Correction
			3.8.1.4 Azimuth Compression
			3.8.1.5 Simulated SAR Imaging Example
			3.8.1.6 Drawbacks of RDA
		3.8.2 Chirp Scaling Algorithm
		3.8.3 The ω-kA
		3.8.4 Back-Projection Algorithm
	3.9 Example of a Real SAR Imagery
	3.10 Problems in SAR Imaging
		3.10.1 Range Migration and Range Walk
		3.10.2 Motion Errors
		3.10.3 Speckle Noise
	3.11 Advanced Topics in SAR
		3.11.1 SAR Interferometry
		3.11.2 SAR Polarimetry
	3.12 Matlab Codes
	References
Chapter 4 Inverse Synthetic Aperture Radar Imaging and Its Basic Concepts
	4.1 SAR versus ISAR
	4.2 The Relation of Scattered Field to the Image Function in ISAR
	4.3 One-Dimensional (1D) Range Profile
	4.4 1D Cross-Range Profile
	4.5 Two-Dimensional (2D) ISAR Image Formation (Small Bandwidth, Small Angle)
		4.5.1 Resolutions in ISAR
			4.5.1.1 Range Resolution
			4.5.1.2 Cross-Range Resolution:
		4.5.2 Range and Cross-Range Extends
		4.5.3 Imaging Multibounces in ISAR
		4.5.4 Sample Design Procedure for ISAR
			4.5.4.1 ISAR Design Example #1: "Aircraft Target"
			4.5.4.2 ISAR Design Example #2: "Military Tank Target"
	4.6 2D ISAR Image Formation (Wide Bandwidth, Large Angles)
		4.6.1 Direct Integration
		4.6.2 Polar Reformatting
	4.7 3D ISAR Image Formation
		4.7.1 Range and Cross-Range resolutions
		4.7.2 A Design Example for 3D ISAR
	4.8 Matlab Codes
	References
Chapter 5 Imaging Issues in Inverse Synthetic Aperture Radar
	5.1 Fourier-Related Issues
		5.1.1 DFT Revisited
		5.1.2 Positive and Negative Frequencies in DFT
	5.2 Image Aliasing
	5.3 Polar Reformatting Revisited
		5.3.1 Nearest Neighbor Interpolation
		5.3.2 Bilinear Interpolation
	5.4 Zero Padding
	5.5 Point Spread Function
	5.6 Windowing
		5.6.1 Common Windowing Functions
			5.6.1.1 Rectangular Window
			5.6.1.2 Triangular Window
			5.6.1.3 Hanning Window
			5.6.1.4 Hamming Window
			5.6.1.5 Kaiser Window
			5.6.1.6 Blackman Window
			5.6.1.7 Chebyshev Window
		5.6.2 ISAR Image Smoothing via Windowing
	5.7 Matlab Codes
	References
Chapter 6 Range-Doppler Inverse Synthetic Aperture Radar Processing
	6.1 Scenarios for ISAR
		6.1.1 Imaging Aerial Targets via Ground-Based Radar
		6.1.2 Imaging Ground/Sea Targets via Aerial Radar
	6.2 ISAR Waveforms for Range-Doppler Processing
		6.2.1 Chirp Pulse Train
		6.2.2 Stepped Frequency Pulse Train
	6.3 Doppler Shift's Relation to Cross-Range
		6.3.1 Doppler Frequency Shift Resolution
		6.3.2 Resolving Doppler Shift and Cross-Range
	6.4 Forming the Range-Doppler Image
	6.5 ISAR Receiver
		6.5.1 ISAR Receiver for Chirp Pulse Radar
		6.5.2 ISAR Receiver for SFCW Radar
	6.6 Quadrature Detection
		6.6.1 I-Channel Processing
		6.6.2 Q-Channel Processing
	6.7 Range Alignment
	6.8 Defining the Range-Doppler ISAR Imaging Parameters
		6.8.1 Image Frame Dimension (Image Extends)
		6.8.2 Range and Cross-Range Resolution
		6.8.3 Frequency Bandwidth and the Center Frequency
		6.8.4 Doppler Frequency Bandwidth
		6.8.5 Pulse Repetition Frequency
		6.8.6 Coherent Integration (Dwell) Time
		6.8.7 Pulse Width
	6.9 Example of Chirp Pulse-Based Range-Doppler ISAR Imaging
	6.10 Example of SFCW-Based Range-Doppler ISAR Imaging
	6.11 Matlab Codes
	References
Chapter 7 Scattering Center Representation of Inverse Synthetic Aperture Radar
	7.1 Scattering/Radiation Center Model
	7.2 Extraction of Scattering Centers
		7.2.1 Image Domain Formulation
			7.2.1.1 Extraction in the Image Domain: The "CLEAN" Algorithm
			7.2.1.2 Reconstruction in the Image Domain
		7.2.2 Fourier Domain Formulation
			7.2.2.1 Extraction in the Fourier Domain
			7.2.2.2 Reconstruction in the Fourier Domain
	7.3 Matlab Codes
	References
Chapter 8 Motion Compensation for Inverse Synthetic Aperture Radar
	8.1 Doppler Effect Due to Target Motion
	8.2 Standard MOCOMP Procedures
		8.2.1 Translational MOCOMP
			8.2.1.1 Range Tracking
			8.2.1.2 Doppler Tracking
		8.2.2 Rotational MOCOMP
	8.3 Popular ISAR MOCOMP Techniques
		8.3.1 Cross-Correlation Method
			8.3.1.1 Example for the Cross-Correlation Method
		8.3.2 Minimum Entropy Method
			8.3.2.1 Definition of Entropy in ISAR Images
			8.3.2.2 Example for the Minimum Entropy Method
		8.3.3 JTF-Based MOCOMP
			8.3.3.1 Received Signal from a Moving Target
			8.3.3.2 An Algorithm for JTF-Based Rotational MOCOMP
			8.3.3.3 Example for JTF-Based Rotational MOCOMP
		8.3.4 Algorithm for JTF-Based Translational and Rotational MOCOMP
			8.3.4.1 A Numerical Example
	8.4 Matlab Codes
	References
Chapter 9 Bistatic ISAR Imaging
	9.1 Why Bi-ISAR Imaging?
	9.2 Geometry for Bi-Isar Imaging and the Algorithm
		9.2.1 Bi-ISAR Imaging Algorithm for a Point Scatterer
		9.2.2 Bistatic ISAR Imaging Algorithm for a Target
	9.3 Resolutions in Bistatic ISAR
		9.3.1 Range Resolution
		9.3.2 Cross-Range Resolution
		9.3.3 Range and Cross-Range Extends
	9.4 Design Procedure for Bi-ISAR Imaging
	9.5 Bi-Isar Imaging Examples
		9.5.1 Bi-ISAR Design Example #1
		9.5.2 Bi-ISAR Design Example #2
	9.6 Mu-ISAR Imaging
		9.6.1 Challenges in Mu-ISAR Imaging
		9.6.2 Mu-ISAR Imaging Example
	9.7 Matlab Codes
	References
Chapter 10 Polarimetric ISAR Imaging
	10.1 Polarization of an Electromagnetic Wave
		10.1.1 Polarization Type
		10.1.2 Polarization Sensitivity
		10.1.3 Polarization in Radar Systems
	10.2 Polarization Scattering Matrix
		10.2.1 Relation to RCS
		10.2.2 Polarization Characteristics of the Scattered Wave
		10.2.3 Polarimetric Decompositions of EM Wave Scattering
		10.2.4 The Pauli Decomposition
			10.2.4.1 Description of Pauli Decomposition
			10.2.4.2 Interpretation of Pauli Decomposition
			10.2.4.3 Polarimetric Image Representation Using Pauli Decomposition
	10.3 Why Polarimetric ISAR Imaging?
	10.4 ISAR Imaging with Full Polarization
		10.4.1 ISAR Data in LP Basis
		10.4.2 ISAR Data in CP Basis
	10.5 Polarimetric ISAR Images
		10.5.1 Pol-ISAR Image of a Benchmark Target
			10.5.1.1 The "SLICY" Target
			10.5.1.2 Fully Polarimetric EM Simulation of SLICY
			10.5.1.3 LP Pol-ISAR Images of SLICY
			10.5.1.4 CP Pol-ISAR Images of SLICY
			10.5.1.5 Pauli Decomposition Image of SLICY
		10.5.2 Pol-ISAR Image of a Complex Target
			10.5.2.1 The "Military Tank" Target
			10.5.2.2 Fully Polarimetric EM Simulation of "Tank" Target
			10.5.2.3 LP Pol-ISAR Images of "Tank" Target
			10.5.2.4 CP Pol-ISAR Images of "Tank" Target
			10.5.2.5 Pauli Decomposition Image of "Tank" Target
	10.6 Feature Extraction from Polarimetric Images
	10.7 Matlab Codes
	References
Chapter 11 Near-Field ISAR Imaging
	11.1 Definitions of Far and Near-Field Regions
		11.1.1 The Far-Field Region
			11.1.1.1 The Far-Field Definition Based on Target's Cross-Range Extend
			11.1.1.2 The Far-Field Definition Based on Target's Range Extend
		11.1.2 The Near-Field Region
	11.2 Near-Field Signal Model for the Back-Scattered Field
	11.3 Near-Field ISAR Imaging Algorithms
		11.3.1 "Focusing Operator" Algorithm
		11.3.2 Back-Projection Algorithm
			11.3.2.1 Fourier Slice Theorem
			11.3.2.2 BPA Formulation (3D Case)
			11.3.2.3 BPA Formulation (2D Case)
	11.4 Data Sampling Criteria and the Resolutions
	11.5 Near-Field ISAR Imaging Examples
		11.5.1 Point Scatterers in the Near-Field: Comparison of Far- and Near-Field Imaging Algorithms
		11.5.2 Near-Field ISAR Imaging of a Large Object
		11.5.3 Near-Field ISAR Imaging of a Small Object
	11.6 Matlab Codes
	References
Chapter 12 Some Imaging Applications Based on SAR/ISAR
	12.1 Imaging Subsurface Objects: GPR-SAR
		12.1.1 The GPR Problem
		12.1.2 B-Scan GPR in Comparison to Strip-Map SAR
		12.1.3 Focused GPR Images Using SAR
			12.1.3.1 GPR Focusing with .-k Algorithm (.-kA)
			12.1.3.2 GPR Focusing with BPA
			12.1.3.3 Other Popular GPR Focusing Techniques
	12.2 Thru-the-Wall Imaging Radar Using SAR
		12.2.1 Challenges in TWIR
		12.2.2 Techniques to Improve Cross-Range Resolution in TWIR
		12.2.3 The Use of SAR in TWIR
		12.2.4 Example of SAR-Based TWIR
	12.3 Imaging Antenna-Platform Scattering: ASAR
		12.3.1 The ASAR Imaging Algorithm
		12.3.2 Numerical Example for ASAR Imagery
	12.4 Imaging Platform Coupling Between Antennas: ACSAR
		12.4.1 The ACSAR Imaging Algorithm
		12.4.2 Numerical Example for ACSAR
		12.4.3 Applying ACSAR Concept to the GPR Problem
	References
Appendix
Index
EULA