Introductory Statistics: Exploring The World Through Data

Cover......Page 1
Title Page......Page 2
Copyright Page......Page 3
Dedication......Page 4
About the Authors......Page 5
Contents......Page 6
Preface......Page 10
Index of Applications......Page 20
CHAPTER 1 Introduction to Data......Page 24
CASE STUDY: Dangerous Habit?......Page 25
1.1 What Are Data?......Page 26
1.2 Classifying and Storing Data......Page 29
1.3 Investigating Data......Page 33
1.4 Organizing Categorical Data......Page 36
1.5 Collecting Data to Understand Causality......Page 41
DATA PROJECT: How Are Data Stored?......Page 51
CHAPTER 2 Picturing Variation with Graphs......Page 63
CASE STUDY: Student-to-Teacher Ratio at Colleges......Page 64
2.1 Visualizing Variation in Numerical Data......Page 65
2.2 Summarizing Important Features of a Numerical Distribution......Page 70
2.3 Visualizing Variation in Categorical Variables......Page 80
2.4 Summarizing Categorical Distributions......Page 83
2.5 Interpreting Graphs......Page 87
DATA PROJECT: Asking Questions......Page 90
CHAPTER 3 Numerical Summaries of Center and Variation......Page 113
CASE STUDY: Living in a Risky World......Page 114
3.1 Summaries for Symmetric Distributions......Page 115
3.2 What’s Unusual? The Empirical Rule and z-Scores......Page 124
3.3 Summaries for Skewed Distributions......Page 130
3.4 Comparing Measures of Center......Page 137
3.5 Using Boxplots for Displaying Summaries......Page 142
DATA PROJECT: The Statistical Investigation Cycle......Page 149
CHAPTER 4 Regression Analysis: Exploring Associations between Variables......Page 172
CASE STUDY: Forecasting Home Prices......Page 173
4.1 Visualizing Variability with a Scatterplot......Page 174
4.2 Measuring Strength of Association with Correlation......Page 179
4.3 Modeling Linear Trends......Page 187
4.4 Evaluating the Linear Model......Page 201
DATA PROJECT: Data Moves......Page 209
CHAPTER 5 Modeling Variation with Probability......Page 236
CASE STUDY: SIDS or Murder?......Page 237
5.1 What Is Randomness?......Page 238
5.2 Finding Theoretical Probabilities......Page 241
5.3 Associations in Categorical Variables......Page 251
5.4 Finding Empirical and Simulated Probabilities......Page 263
DATA PROJECT: Subsetting Data......Page 271
CHAPTER 6 Modeling Random Events: The Normal and Binomial Models......Page 289
6.1 Probability Distributions Are Models of Random Experiments......Page 290
6.2 The Normal Model......Page 296
6.3 The Binomial Model......Page 310
DATA PROJECT: Generating Random Numbers......Page 326
CHAPTER 7 Survey Sampling and Inference......Page 346
CASE STUDY: Spring Break Fever: Just What the Doctors Ordered?......Page 347
7.1 Learning about the World through Surveys......Page 348
7.2 Measuring the Quality of a Survey......Page 355
7.3 The Central Limit Theorem for Sample Proportions......Page 364
7.4 Estimating the Population Proportion with Confidence Intervals......Page 371
7.5 Comparing Two Population Proportions with Confidence......Page 379
DATA PROJECT: Population Proportions......Page 387
CHAPTER 8 Hypothesis Testing for Population Proportions......Page 405
CASE STUDY: Dodging the Question......Page 406
8.1 The Essential Ingredients of Hypothesis Testing......Page 407
8.2 Hypothesis Testing in Four Steps......Page 415
8.3 Hypothesis Tests in Detail......Page 424
8.4 Comparing Proportions from Two Populations......Page 431
DATA PROJECT: Dates as Data......Page 439
CHAPTER 9 Inferring Population Means......Page 458
CASE STUDY: You Look Sick! Are You Sick?......Page 459
9.1 Sample Means of Random Samples......Page 460
9.2 The Central Limit Theorem for Sample Means......Page 463
9.3 Answering Questions about the Mean of a Population......Page 471
9.4 Hypothesis Testing for Means......Page 481
9.5 Comparing Two Population Means......Page 487
9.6 Overview of Analyzing Means......Page 502
DATA PROJECT: Data Structures......Page 507
CHAPTER 10 Associations between Categorical Variables......Page 530
CASE STUDY: Popping Better Popcorn......Page 531
10.1 The Basic Ingredients for Testing with Categorical Variables......Page 532
10.2 The Chi-Square Test for Goodness of Fit......Page 541
10.3 Chi-Square Tests for Associations between Categorical Variables......Page 546
10.4 Hypothesis Tests When Sample Sizes Are Small......Page 554
DATA PROJECT: Stacking Data......Page 561
CHAPTER 11 Multiple Comparisons and Analysis of Variance......Page 581
CASE STUDY: Seeing Red......Page 582
11.1 Multiple Comparisons......Page 583
11.2 The Analysis of Variance......Page 589
11.3 The ANOVA Test......Page 596
11.4 Post Hoc Procedures......Page 601
DATA PROJECT: Where to Begin......Page 609
CHAPTER 12 Experimental Design: Controlling Variation......Page 627
CASE STUDY: Does Stretching Improve Athletic Performance?......Page 628
12.1 Variation Out of Control......Page 629
12.2 Controlling Variation in Surveys......Page 637
12.3 Reading Research Papers......Page 641
DATA PROJECT: Keep It Real......Page 651
CHAPTER 13 Inference without Normality......Page 662
CASE STUDY: Contagious Yawns......Page 663
13.1 Transforming Data......Page 664
13.2 The Sign Test for Paired Data......Page 672
13.3 Mann-Whitney Test for Two Independent Groups......Page 676
13.4 Randomization Tests......Page 681
DATA PROJECT: Making Maps and Slicing Strings......Page 689
CHAPTER 14 Inference for Regression......Page 713
CASE STUDY: Another Reason to Stand at Your Desk?......Page 714
14.1 The Linear Regression Model......Page 715
14.2 Using the Linear Model......Page 726
14.3 Predicting Values and Estimating Means......Page 734
DATA PROJECT: Think Small......Page 742
Appendix A: Tables......Page 758
Appendix B: Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises......Page 766
Appendix C: Credits......Page 792
C
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H......Page 795
N......Page 796
S......Page 797
T......Page 798
Z......Page 799