Introductory Chemistry Essentials in SI Units

Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
Preface
1 The Chemical World
	1.1 Sand and Water
	1.2 Chemicals Compose Ordinary Things
	1.3 The Scientific Method: How Chemists Think
		EVERYDAY CHEMISTRY: Combustion and the Scientific Method
	1.4 Analyzing and Interpreting Data
		Identifying Patterns in Data
		Interpreting Graphs
	1.5 A Beginning Chemist: How to Succeed
	Self-Assessment Quiz
	Key Terms
	Exercises
	Answers to Skillbuilder Exercises
	Answers to Conceptual Checkpoints
2 Measurement and Problem Solving
	2.1 The Metric Mix-up: A $125 Million Unit Error
	2.2 Scientific Notation: Writing Large and Small Numbers
	2.3 Significant Figures: Writing Numbers to Reflect Precision
		Counting Significant Figures
		Exact Numbers
		CHEMISTRY IN THE MEDIA: The COBE Satellite and Very Precise Measurements That Illuminate Our Cosmic Past
	2.4 Significant Figures in Calculations
		Multiplication and Division
		Rounding
		Addition and Subtraction
		Calculations Involving Both Multiplication/Division and Addition/Subtraction
	2.5 The Basic Units of Measurement
		The Base Units
		Prefix Multipliers
		Derived Units
	2.6 Problem Solving and Unit Conversion
		Converting Between Units
		General Problem-Solving Strategy
	2.7 Solving Multistep Unit Conversion Problems
	2.8 Unit Conversion in Both the Numerator and Denominator
	2.9 Units Raised to a Power
		CHEMISTRY AND HEALTH: Drug Dosage
	2.10 Density
		Calculating Density
		Density as a Conversion Factor
		CHEMISTRY AND HEALTH: Density, Cholesterol, and Heart Disease
	2.11 Numerical Problem-Solving Strategies and the Solution Map
	Self-Assessment Quiz
	Key Terms
	Exercises
	Answers to Skillbuilder Exercises
	Answers to Conceptual Checkpoints
3 Matter and Energy
	3.1 In Your Room
	3.2 What Is Matter?
	3.3 Classifying Matter According to Its State: Solid, Liquid, and Gas
	3.4 Classifying Matter According to Its Composition: Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures
	3.5 Differences in Matter: Physical and Chemical Properties
	3.6 Changes in Matter: Physical and Chemical Changes
		Separating Mixtures Through Physical Changes
	3.7 Conservation of Mass: There Is No New Matter
	3.8 Energy
		CHEMISTRY IN THE ENVIRONMENT: Getting Energy out of Nothing?
		Units of Energy
	3.9 Energy and Chemical and Physical Change
	3.10 Temperature: Random Motion of Molecules and Atoms
	3.11 Temperature Changes: Heat Capacity
		EVERYDAY CHEMISTRY: Coolers, Camping, and the Heat Capacity of Water
	3.12 Energy and Heat Capacity Calculations
	Self-Assessment Quiz
	Key Terms
	Exercises
	Answers to Skillbuilder Exercises
	Answers to Conceptual Checkpoints
4 Atoms and Elements
	4.1 Experiencing Atoms at Tiburon
	4.2 Indivisible: The Atomic Theory
	4.3 The Nuclear Atom
	4.4 The Properties of Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons
		EVERYDAY CHEMISTRY: Solid Matter?
	4.5 Elements: Defined by Their Numbers of Protons
	4.6 Looking for Patterns: The Periodic Law and the Periodic Table
	4.7 Ions: Losing and Gaining Electrons
		Ions and the Periodic Table
	4.8 Isotopes: When the Number of Neutrons Varies
	4.9 Atomic Mass: The Average Mass of an Element’s Atoms
		CHEMISTRY IN THE ENVIRONMENT: Radioactive Isotopes at Hanford, Washington
	Self-Assessment Quiz
	Key Terms
	Exercises
	Answers to Skillbuilder Exercises
	Answers to Conceptual Checkpoints
5 Molecules and Compounds
	5.1 Sugar and Salt
	5.2 Compounds Display Constant Composition
	5.3 Chemical Formulas: How to Represent Compounds
		Polyatomic Ions in Chemical Formulas
		Types of Chemical Formulas
	5.4 A Molecular View of Elements and Compounds
		Atomic Elements
		Molecular Elements
		Molecular Compounds
		Ionic Compounds
	5.5 Writing Formulas for Ionic Compounds
		Writing Formulas for Ionic Compounds Containing Only Monoatomic Ions
		Writing Formulas for Ionic Compounds Containing Polyatomic Ions
	5.6 Nomenclature: Naming Compounds
	5.7 Naming Ionic Compounds
		Naming Binary Ionic Compounds Containing a Metal That Forms Only One Type of Cation
		Naming Binary Ionic Compounds Containing a Metal That Forms More Than One Type of Cation
		Naming Ionic Compounds Containing a Polyatomic Ion
		EVERYDAY CHEMISTRY: Polyatomic Ions
	5.8 Naming Molecular Compounds
	5.9 Naming Acids
		Naming Binary Acids
		Naming Oxyacids
	5.10 Nomenclature Summary
		Ionic Compounds
		Molecular Compounds
		Acids
	5.11 Formula Mass: The Mass of a Molecule or Formula Unit
	Self-Assessment Quiz
	Key Terms
	Exercises
	Answers to Skillbuilder Exercises
	Answers to Conceptual Checkpoints
6 Chemical Composition
	6.1 How Much Sodium?
	6.2 Counting Nails by the Kilogram
	6.3 Counting Atoms by the Gram
		Converting between Moles and Number of Atoms
		Converting between Grams and Moles of an Element
		Converting between Grams of an Element and Number of Atoms
	6.4 Counting Molecules by the Gram
		Converting between Grams and Moles of a Compound
		Converting between Grams of a Compound and Number of Molecules
	6.5 Chemical Formulas as Conversion Factors
		Converting between Moles of a Compound and Moles of a Constituent Element
		Converting between Grams of a Compound and Grams of a Constituent Element
	6.6 Mass Percent Composition of Compounds
	6.7 Mass Percent Composition from a Chemical Formula
		CHEMISTRY AND HEALTH: Fluoridation of Drinking Water
	6.8 Calculating Empirical Formulas for Compounds
		Calculating an Empirical Formula from Experimental Data
	6.9 Calculating Molecular Formulas for Compounds
	Self-Assessment Quiz
	Key Terms
	Exercises
	Answers to Skillbuilder Exercises
	Answers to Conceptual Checkpoints
7 Chemical Reactions
	7.1 Grade School Volcanoes, Automobiles, and Laundry Detergents
	7.2 Evidence of a Chemical Reaction
	7.3 The Chemical Equation
	7.4 How to Write Balanced Chemical Equations
	7.5 Aqueous Solutions and Solubility: Compounds Dissolved in Water
		Aqueous Solutions
		Solubility
	7.6 Precipitation Reactions: Reactions in Aqueous Solution That Form a Solid
	7.7 Writing Chemical Equations for Reactions in Solution: Molecular, Complete Ionic, and Net Ionic Equations
	7.8 Acid–Base and Gas Evolution Reactions
		Acid–Base (Neutralization) Reactions
		Gas Evolution Reactions
		CHEMISTRY AND HEALTH: Neutralizing Excess Stomach Acid
	7.9 Oxidation–Reduction Reactions
	7.10 Classifying Chemical Reactions
		Classifying Chemical Reactions by What Atoms Do
		Classification Flowchart
	Self-Assessment Quiz
	Key Terms
	Exercises
	Answers to Skillbuilder Exercises
	Answers to Conceptual Checkpoints
8 Quantities in Chemical Reactions
	8.1 Climate Change: Too Much Carbon Dioxide
	8.2 Making Pancakes: Relationships between Ingredients
	8.3 Making Molecules: Mole-to-Mole Conversions
	8.4 Making Molecules: Mass-to-Mass Conversions
	8.5 More Pancakes: Limiting Reactant, Theoretical Yield, and Percent Yield
	8.6 Limiting Reactant, Theoretical Yield, and Percent Yield from Initial Masses of Reactants
	8.7 Enthalpy: A Measure of the Heat Evolved or Absorbed in a Reaction
		Sign of ΔH(sub[rxn])
		EVERYDAY CHEMISTRY: Bunsen Burners
		Stoichiometry of ΔH(sub[rxn])
	Self-Assessment Quiz
	Key Terms
	Exercises
	Answers to Skillbuilder Exercises
	Answers to Conceptual Checkpoints
9 Electrons in Atoms and the Periodic Table
	9.1 Blimps, Balloons, and Models of the Atom
	9.2 Light: Electromagnetic Radiation
	9.3 The Electromagnetic Spectrum
		CHEMISTRY AND HEALTH: Radiation Treatment for Cancer
	9.4 The Bohr Model: Atoms with Orbits
	9.5 The Quantum-Mechanical Model: Atoms with Orbitals
		Baseball Paths and Electron Probability Maps
		From Orbits to Orbitals
	9.6 Quantum-Mechanical Orbitals and Electron Configurations
		Quantum-Mechanical Orbitals
		Electron Configurations: How Electrons Occupy Orbitals
	9.7 Electron Configurations and the Periodic Table
	9.8 The Explanatory Power of the Quantum-Mechanical Model
	9.9 Periodic Trends: Atomic Size, Ionization Energy, and Metallic Character
		Atomic Size
		CHEMISTRY AND HEALTH: Pumping Ions: Atomic Size and Nerve Impulses
		Ionization Energy
		Metallic Character
	Self-Assessment Quiz
	Key Terms
	Exercises
	Answers to Skillbuilder Exercises
	Answers to Conceptual Checkpoints
10 Chemical Bonding
	10.1 Bonding Models and AIDS Drugs
	10.2 Representing Valence Electrons with Dots
	10.3 Lewis Structures of Ionic Compounds: Electrons Transferred
	10.4 Covalent Lewis Structures: Electrons Shared
		Single Bonds
		Double and Triple Bonds
	10.5 Writing Lewis Structures for Covalent Compounds
		Writing Lewis Structures for Polyatomic Ions
		Exceptions to the Octet Rule
	10.6 Resonance: Equivalent Lewis Structures for the Same Molecule
	10.7 Predicting the Shapes of Molecules
		Representing Molecular Geometries on Paper
		CHEMISTRY AND HEALTH: Fooled by Molecular Shape
	10.8 Electronegativity and Polarity: Why Oil and Water Don’t Mix
		Electronegativity
		Polar Bonds and Polar Molecules
		EVERYDAY CHEMISTRY: How Soap Works
	Self-Assessment Quiz
	Key Terms
	Exercises
	Answers to Skillbuilder Exercises
	Answers to Conceptual Checkpoints
11 Gases
	11.1 Extra-Long Straws
	11.2 Kinetic Molecular Theory: A Model for Gases
	11.3 Pressure: The Result of Constant Molecular Collisions
		Pressure Units
		Pressure Unit Conversion
	11.4 Boyle’s Law: Pressure and Volume
		EVERYDAY CHEMISTRY: Airplane Cabin Pressurization
		EVERYDAY CHEMISTRY: Extra-long Snorkels
	11.5 Charles’s Law: Volume and Temperature
	11.6 The Combined Gas Law: Pressure, Volume, and Temperature
	11.7 Avogadro’s Law: Volume and Moles
	11.8 The Ideal Gas Law: Pressure, Volume, Temperature, and Moles
		Determining Molar Mass of a Gas from the Ideal Gas Law
		Ideal and Nonideal Gas Behavior
	11.9 Mixtures of Gases
		Partial Pressure and Physiology
		Collecting Gases over Water
	11.10 Gases in Chemical Reactions
		Molar Volume at Standard Temperature and Pressure
		CHEMISTRY IN THE ENVIRONMENT: Air Pollution
	Self-Assessment Quiz
	Key Terms
	Exercises
	Answers to Skillbuilder Exercises
	Answers to Conceptual Checkpoints
12 Liquids, Solids, and Intermolecular Forces
	12.1 Spherical Water
	12.2 Properties of Liquids and Solids
	12.3 Intermolecular Forces in Action: Surface Tension and Viscosity
		Surface Tension
		Viscosity
	12.4 Evaporation and Condensation
		Boiling
		Energetics of Evaporation and Condensation
		Heat of Vaporization
	12.5 Melting, Freezing, and Sublimation
		Energetics of Melting and Freezing
		Heat of Fusion
		Sublimation
	12.6 Types of Intermolecular Forces: Dispersion, Dipole–Dipole, Hydrogen Bonding, and Ion–Dipole
		Dispersion Force
		Dipole–Dipole Force
		Hydrogen Bonding
		Ion–Dipole Force
		CHEMISTRY AND HEALTH: Hydrogen Bonding in DNA
	12.7 Types of Crystalline Solids: Molecular, Ionic, and Atomic
		Molecular Solids
		Ionic Solids
		Atomic Solids
	12.8 Water: A Remarkable Molecule
		CHEMISTRY IN THE ENVIRONMENT: Water Pollution and the Flint River Water Crisis
	Self-Assessment Quiz
	Key Terms
	Exercises
	Answers to Skillbuilder Exercises
	Answers to Conceptual Checkpoints
13 Solutions
	13.1 Tragedy in Cameroon
	13.2 Solutions: Homogeneous Mixtures
	13.3 Solutions of Solids Dissolved in Water: How to Make Rock Candy
		Solubility and Saturation
		Electrolyte Solutions: Dissolved Ionic Solids
		How Solubility Varies with Temperature
	13.4 Solutions of Gases in Water: How Soda Pop Gets Its Fizz
	13.5 Specifying Solution Concentration: Mass Percent
		Mass Percent
		Using Mass Percent in Calculations
	13.6 Specifying Solution Concentration: Molarity
		Using Molarity in Calculations
		Ion Concentrations
	13.7 Solution Dilution
	13.8 Solution Stoichiometry
	13.9 Freezing Point Depression and Boiling Point Elevation: Making Water Freeze Colder and Boil Hotter
		Freezing Point Depression
		EVERYDAY CHEMISTRY: Antifreeze in Frogs
		Boiling Point Elevation
	13.10 Osmosis: Why Drinking Saltwater Causes Dehydration
		CHEMISTRY AND HEALTH: Solutions in Medicine
	Self-Assessment Quiz
	Key Terms
	Exercises
	Answers to Skillbuilder Exercises
	Answers to Conceptual Checkpoints
14 Acids and Bases
	14.1 Sour Patch Kids and International Spy Movies
	14.2 Acids: Properties and Examples
	14.3 Bases: Properties and Examples
	14.4 Molecular Definitions of Acids and Bases
		The Arrhenius Definition
		The Brønsted–Lowry Definition
	14.5 Reactions of Acids and Bases
		Neutralization Reactions
		Acid Reactions
		EVERYDAY CHEMISTRY: What Is in My Antacid?
		Base Reactions
	14.6 Acid–Base Titration: A Way to Quantify the Amount of Acid or Base in a Solution
	14.7 Strong and Weak Acids and Bases
		Strong Acids
		Weak Acids
		Strong Bases
		Weak Bases
	14.8 Water: Acid and Base in One
	14.9 The pH and pOH Scales: Ways to Express Acidity and Basicity
		Calculating pH from [H(sub[3])O(sup[+])]
		Calculating [H(sub[3])O(sup[+])] from pH
		The pOH Scale
	14.10 Buffers: Solutions That Resist pH Change
		CHEMISTRY AND HEALTH: Alkaloids
		CHEMISTRY AND HEALTH: The Danger of Antifreeze
	Self-Assessment Quiz
	Key Terms
	Exercises
	Answers to Skillbuilder Exercises
	Answers to Conceptual Checkpoints
15 Chemical Equilibrium
	15.1 Life: Controlled Disequilibrium
	15.2 The Rate of a Chemical Reaction
		Collision Theory
		How Concentration Affects the Rate of a Reaction
		How Temperature Affects the Rate of a Reaction
	15.3 The Idea of Dynamic Chemical Equilibrium
	15.4 The Equilibrium Constant: A Measure of How Far a Reaction Goes
		Writing Equilibrium Constant Expressions for Chemical Reactions
		The Significance of the Equilibrium Constant
	15.5 Heterogeneous Equilibria: The Equilibrium Expression for Reactions Involving a Solid or a Liquid
	15.6 Calculating and Using Equilibrium Constants
		Calculating Equilibrium Constants
		Using Equilibrium Constants in Calculations
	15.7 Disturbing a Reaction at Equilibrium: Le Châtelier’s Principle
	15.8 The Effect of a Concentration Change on Equilibrium
	15.9 The Effect of a Volume Change on Equilibrium
		CHEMISTRY AND HEALTH: How a Developing Fetus Gets Oxygen from Its Mother
	15.10 The Effect of a Temperature Change on Equilibrium
	15.11 The Solubility-Product Constant
		Using Ksp to Determine Molar Solubility
	15.12 The Path of a Reaction and the Effect of a Catalyst
		How Activation Energies Affect Reaction Rates
		Catalysts Lower the Activation Energy
		Enzymes: Biological Catalysts
		Self-Assessment Quiz
		Key Terms
		Exercises
	Answers to Skillbuilder Exercises
	Answers to Conceptual Checkpoints
16 Oxidation and Reduction
	16.1 The End of the Internal Combustion Engine?
	16.2 Oxidation and Reduction: Some Definitions
	16.3 Oxidation States: Electron Bookkeeping
		EVERYDAY CHEMISTRY: The Bleaching of Hair
	16.4 Balancing Redox Equations
		CHEMISTRY IN THE ENVIRONMENT: Photosynthesis and Respiration: Energy for Life
	16.5 The Activity Series: Predicting Spontaneous Redox Reactions
		The Activity Series of Metals
		Predicting Whether a Metal Will Dissolve in Acid
	16.6 Batteries: Using Chemistry to Generate Electricity
		Dry-Cell Batteries
		Lead-Acid Storage Batteries
		Fuel Cells
	16.7 Electrolysis: Using Electricity to Do Chemistry
	16.8 Corrosion: Undesirable Redox Reactions
		EVERYDAY CHEMISTRY: The Fuel-Cell Breathalyzer
	Self-Assessment Quiz
	Key Terms
	Exercises
	Answers to Skillbuilder Exercises
	Answers to Conceptual Checkpoints
17 Radioactivity and Nuclear Chemistry
	17.1 Diagnosing Appendicitis
	17.2 The Discovery of Radioactivity
	17.3 Types of Radioactivity: Alpha, Beta, and Gamma Decay
		Alpha (α) Radiation
		Beta (β) Radiation
		Gamma (γ) Radiation
		Positron Emission
	17.4 Detecting Radioactivity
	17.5 Natural Radioactivity and Half-Life
		Half-Life
		CHEMISTRY AND HEALTH: Environmental Radon
		A Natural Radioactive Decay Series
	17.6 Radiocarbon Dating: Using Radioactivity to Measure the Age of Fossils and Other Artifacts
		CHEMISTRY IN THE MEDIA: The Shroud of Turin
	17.7 The Discovery of Fission and the Atomic Bomb
	17.8 Nuclear Power: Using Fission to Generate Electricity
	17.9 Nuclear Fusion: The Power of the Sun
	17.10 The Effects of Radiation on Life
		Acute Radiation Damage
		Increased Cancer Risk
		Genetic Defects
		Measuring Radiation Exposure
	17.11 Radioactivity in Medicine
		Isotope Scanning
		Radiotherapy
		Self-Assessment Quiz
		Key Terms
		Exercises
	Answers to Skillbuilder Exercises
	Answers to Conceptual Checkpoints
Appendix: Mathematics Review
Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises
Glossary
	A
	B
	C
	D
	E
	F
	G
	H
	I
	K
	L
	M
	N
	O
	P
	Q
	R
	S
	T
	U
	V
	W
	X
Credits
Index
	A
	B
	C
	D
	E
	F
	G
	H
	I
	J
	K
	L
	M
	N
	O
	P
	Q
	R
	S
	T
	U
	V
	W
	X
	Y
	Z