Introductory chemistry essentials

BRIEF TOC1. The Chemical World2. Measurement and Problem Solving3. Matter and Energy4. Atoms and Elements5. Molecules and Compounds6. Chemical Composition7. Chemical Reactions8. Quantities in Chemical Reactions9. Electrons in Atoms and the Periodic Table10. Chemical Bonding11. Gases12. Liquids, Solids, and Intermolecular Forces13. Solutions14. Acids and Bases15. Chemical Equilibrium16. Oxidation and Reduction17. Radioactivity and Nuclear ChemistryCOMPREHENSIVE TOC1. The Chemical World1.1 Soda Pop Fizz1.2 Chemicals Compose Ordinary Things1.3 All Things Are Made of Atoms and Molecules1.4 The Scientific Method: How Chemists Think1.5 A Beginning Chemist: How to Succeed2. Measurement and Problem Solving2.1 Measuring Global Temperatures2.2 Scientific Notation: Writing Large and Small Numbers2.3 Significant Figures: Writing Numbers to Reflect Precision2.4 Significant Figures in Calculations2.5 The Basic Units of Measurement2.6 Problem Solving and Unit Conversion2.7 Solving Multistep Conversion Problems2.8 Units Raised to a Power2.9 Density2.10 Numerical Problem-Solving Strategies and the Solution Map3. Matter and Energy3.1 In Your Room3.2 What Is Matter?3.3 Classifying Matter According to Its State: Solid, Liquid, and Gas3.4 Classifying Matter According to Its Composition: Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures3.5 Differences in Matter: Physical and Chemical Properties3.6 Changes in Matter: Physical and Chemical Changes3.7 Conservation of Mass: There is No New Matter3.8 Energy3.9 Energy and Chemical and Physical Change3.10 Temperature: Random Motion of Molecules and Atoms3.11 Temperature Changes: Heat Capacity3.12 Energy and Heat Capacity Calculations4. Atoms and Elements4.1 Experiencing Atoms at Tiburon  4.2 Indivisible: The Atomic Theory  4.3 The Nuclear Atom  4.4 The Properties of Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons  4.5 Elements: Defined by Their Numbers of Protons  4.6 Looking for Patterns: The Periodic Law and the Periodic Table  4.7 Ions: Losing and Gaining Electrons   4.8 Isotopes: When the Number of Neutrons Varies  4.9 Atomic Mass: The Average Mass of an Element's Atoms  5.  Molecules and Compounds5.1 Sugar and Salt  5.2 Compounds Display Constant Composition  5.3 Chemical Formulas: How to Represent Compounds  5.4 A Molecular View of Elements and Compounds  5.5 Writing Formulas for Ionic Compounds  5.6 Nomenclature: Naming Compounds  5.7 Naming Ionic Compounds  5.8 Naming Molecular Compounds  5.9 Naming Acids  5.10 Nomenclature Summary  5.11 Formula Mass: The Mass of a Molecule or Formula Unit  6. Chemical Composition6.1 How Much Sodium?  6.2 Counting Nails by the Pound  6.3 Counting Atoms by the Gram  6.4 Counting Molecules by the Gram  6.5 Chemical Formulas as Conversion Factors  6.6 Mass Percent Composition of Compounds 6.7 Mass Percent Composition from a Chemical Formula  6.8 Calculating Empirical Formulas for Compounds  6.9 Calculating Molecular Formulas for Compounds7.  Chemical Reactions7.1 Grade School Volcanoes, Automobiles, and Laundry Detergents  7.2 Evidence of a Chemical Reaction  7.3 The Chemical Equation  7.4 How to Write Balanced Chemical Equations  7.5 Aqueous Solutions and Solubility: Compounds Dissolved in Water  7.6 Precipitation Reactions: Reactions in Aqueous Solution That Form a Solid  7.7 Writing Chemical Equations for Reactions in Solution: Molecular, Complete Ionic, and Net Ionic Equations  7.8 Acid-Base and Gas Evolution Reactions  7.9 Oxidation-Reduction Reactions  7.10 Classifying Chemical Reactions  8. Quantities in Chemical Reactions8.1 Climate Change: Too Much Carbon Dioxide 8.2 Making Pancakes: Relationships between Ingredients  8.3 Making Molecules: Mole-to-Mole Conversions  8.4 Making Molecules: Mass-to-Mass Conversions  8.5 More Pancakes: Limiting Reactant, Theoretical Yield, and Percent Yield  8.6 Limiting Reactant, Theoretical Yield, and Percent Yield from Initial Masses of Reactants  8.7 Enthalpy: A Measure of the Heat Evolved or Absorbed in a Reaction  9. Electrons in Atoms and the Periodic Table9.1 Blimps, Balloons, and Models of the Atom  9.2 Light: Electromagnetic Radiation  9.3 The Electromagnetic Spectrum  9.4 The Bohr Model: Atoms with Orbits  9.5 The Quantum-Mechanical Model: Atoms with Orbitals  9.6 Quantum-Mechanical Orbitals and Electron Configurations  9.7 Electron Configurations and the Periodic Table  9.8 The Explanatory Power of the Quantum-Mechanical Model  9.9 Periodic Trends: Atomic Size, Ionization Energy, and Metallic Character  10. Chemical Bonding10.1 Bonding Models and AIDS Drugs  10.2 Representing Valence Electrons with Dots  10.3 Lewis Structures of Ionic Compounds: Electrons Transferred  10.4 Covalent Lewis Structures: Electrons Shared  10.5 Writing Lewis Structures for Covalent Compounds  10.6 Resonance: Equivalent Lewis Structures for the Same Molecule  10.7 Predicting the Shapes of Molecules  10.8 Electronegativity and Polarity: Why Oil and Water Don't Mix  11. Gases11.1 Extra-Long Straws 11.2 Kinetic Molecular Theory: A Model for Gases  11.3 Pressure: The Result of Constant Molecular Collisions  11.4 Boyle's Law: Pressure and Volume  11.5 Charles's Law: Volume and Temperature  11.6 The Combined Gas Law: Pressure, Volume, and Temperature  11.7 Avogadro's Law: Volume and Moles  11.8 The Ideal Gas Law: Pressure, Volume, Temperature, and Moles  11.9 Mixtures of Gases: Why Deep-Sea Divers Breathe a Mixture of Helium and Oxygen 11.10 Gases in Chemical Reactions  12. Liquids, Solids, and Intermolecular Forces12.1 Interactions between Molecules  12.2 Properties of Liquids and Solids  12.3 Intermolecular Forces in Action: Surface Tension and Viscosity  12.4 Evaporation and Condensation  12.5 Melting, Freezing, and Sublimation  12.6 Types of Intermolecular Forces: Dispersion, Dipole-Dipole, Hydrogen Bonding, and Ion-Dipole 12.7 Types of Crystalline Solids: Molecular, Ionic, and Atomic 12.8 Water: A Remarkable Molecule 13. Solutions13.1 Tragedy in Cameroon 13.2 Solutions: Homogeneous Mixtures  13.3 Solutions of Solids Dissolved in Water: How to Make Rock Candy  13.4 Solutions of Gases in Water: How Soda Pop Gets Its Fizz  13.5 Specifying Solution Concentration: Mass Percent  13.6 Specifying Solution Concentration: Molarity  13.7 Solution Dilution  13.8 Solution Stoichiometry13.9 Freezing Point Depression and Boiling Point Elevation: Making Water Freeze Colder and Boil Hotter  13.10 Osmosis: Why Drinking Salt Water Causes Dehydration  14. Acids and Bases14.1 Sour Patch Kids and International Spy Movies 14.2 Acids: Properties and Examples 14.3 Bases: Properties and Examples 14.4 Molecular Definitions of Acids and Bases  14.5 Reactions of Acids and Bases  14.6 Acid-Base Titration: A Way to Quantify the Amount of Acid or Base in a Solution  14.7 Strong and Weak Acids and Bases  14.8 Water: Acid and Base in One 14.9 The pH and pOH Scales: Ways to Express Acidity and Basicity  14.10 Buffers: Solutions That Resist pH Change  15. Chemical Equilibrium15.1 Life: Controlled Disequilibrium  15.2 The Rate of a Chemical Reaction 15.3 The Idea of Dynamic Chemical Equilibrium  15.4 The Equilibrium Constant: A Measure of How Far a Reaction Goes  15.5 Heterogeneous Equilibria: The Equilibrium Expression for Reactions Involving a Solid or a Liquid 15.6 Calculating and Using Equilibrium Constants  15.7 Disturbing a Reaction at Equilibrium: Le Ch (R)telier's Principle 15.8 The Effect of a Concentration Change on Equilibrium 15.9 The Effect of a Volume Change on Equilibrium  15.10 The Effect of a Temperature Change on Equilibrium  15.11 The Solubility-Product Constant 15.12 The Path of a Reaction and the Effect of a Catalyst  16. Oxidation and Reduction16.1 The End of the Internal Combustion Engine? 16.2 Oxidation and Reduction: Some Definitions  16.3 Oxidation States: Electron Bookkeeping16.4 Balancing Redox Equations  16.5 The Activity Series: Predicting Spontaneous Redox Reactions  16.6 Batteries: Using Chemistry to Generate Electricity  16.7 Electrolysis: Using Electricity to Do Chemistry  16.8 Corrosion: Undesirable Redox Reactions  17. Radioactivity and Nuclear Chemistry17.1 Diagnosing Appendicitis  17.2 The Discovery of Radioactivity  17.3 Types of Radioactivity: Alpha, Beta, and Gamma Decay  17.4 Detecting Radioactivity17.5 Natural Radioactivity and Half-Life  17.6 Radiocarbon Dating: Using Radioactivity to Measure the Age of Fossils and Other Artifacts  17.7 The Discovery of Fission and the Atomic Bomb  17.8 Nuclear Power: Using Fission to Generate Electricity  17.9 Nuclear Fusion: The Power of the Sun  17.10 The Effects of Radiation on Life  17.11 Radioactivity in Medicine