Introduction to Synthetic Aperture Radar Using Python and MATLAB®

INTRODUCTION TO SYNTHETIC APERTURE RADAR USING PYTHON AND MATLAB
Contents
Preface
Chapter 1
Introduction
	1.1 HISTORY
	1.2 FUNDAMENTALS
		1.2.1 Operating Frequency
		1.2.2 Sensor Polarization
	1.3 APPLICATIONS
		1.3.1 Remote Sensing
		1.3.2 Space Debris Monitoring
		1.3.3 Through-Wall Sensing
		1.3.4 Military Applications
		1.3.5 Alternative Navigation
	1.4 SOFTWARE
		1.4.1 Python
		1.4.2 MATLAB
	PROBLEMS
	References
Chapter 2
Imaging Modes
	2.1 BASIC PRINCIPLES
	2.2 STRIPMAP
		2.2.1 Resolution
		2.2.2 Pulse Repetition Frequency
		2.2.3 Signal-to-Noise Ratio
		2.2.4 Noise Equivalent Sigma Zero
		2.2.5 Squint Angle
	2.3 SPOTLIGHT
		2.3.1 Resolution
		2.3.2 Pulse Repetition Frequency
		2.3.3 SNR
		2.3.4 Squint Angle
	2.4 SCANNING SYNTHETIC APERTURE RADAR
	2.5 TERRAIN OBSERVATION BY PROGRESSIVE SCAN
	2.6 SWEEPSAR
	2.7 INSAR
	2.8 POLARIMETRIC SAR
	2.9 BISTATIC AND MULTISTATIC SAR
	2.10 ISAR
	2.11 DIGITAL BEAMFORMING
	2.12 EXAMPLES
		2.12.1 Stripmap SAR Range Resolution
		2.12.2 Stripmap SAR Support Band
		2.12.3 Stripmap SAR Point Spread Function
		2.12.4 Stripmap SAR Doppler Bandwidth
		2.12.5 Stripmap SAR Pulse Repetition Frequency
		2.12.6 Stripmap SAR SNR
		2.12.7 Stripmap SAR CNR
		2.12.8 NESZ
		2.12.9 Spotlight SAR Cross-Range Resolution
		2.12.10 Spotlight SAR Point Spread Function
		2.12.11 Spotlight SAR Doppler Bandwidth
		2.12.12 Spotlight SAR PRF
		2.12.13 Spotlight SAR SNR
	PROBLEMS
	References
Chapter 3 Image Formation
	3.1 SIGNAL MODEL
	3.2 ONE-DIMENSIONAL RANGE PROFILES
		3.2.1 Matched Filter
		3.2.2 Stretch Processor
	3.3 TWO-DIMENSIONAL IMAGING
		3.3.1 Range Doppler Algorithm
		3.3.2 Polar Format Algorithm
		3.3.3 Backprojection Algorithm
		3.3.4 Algebraic Methods
		3.3.5 Nontraditional Methods
	3.4 EXAMPLES
		3.4.1 Range Profile— Point Targets
		3.4.2 Range Profile— Backhoe
		3.4.3 Range Doppler Algorithm — Point Target
		3.4.4 Range Doppler Algorithm— Backhoe
		3.4.5 Polar Format Algorithm — Point Targets
		3.4.6 Polar Format Algorithm — Learjet
		3.4.7 Backprojection Algorithm— Point Targets
		3.4.8 Backprojection Algorithm— Toyota Avalon
	PROBLEMS
	References
Chapter 4 Three-Dimensional Imaging
	4.1 DEVELOPMENT
		4.1.1 Airborne and Spaceborne Systems
		4.1.2 Through-Wall Systems
		4.1.3 ISAR
	4.2 POINT SPREAD FUNCTION
	4.3 POLAR FORMAT IMAGING
	4.4 BACKPROJECTION IMAGING
		4.4.1 Linear Trace Theorem
		4.4.2 Filtered Backprojection
	4.5 EXAMPLES
		4.5.1 Polar Format Algorithm — Point Targets
		4.5.2 Backprojection Algorithm— Learjet
		4.5.3 Backprojection Algorithm— Backhoe
	PROBLEMS
	References
Chapter 5 Autofocus
	5.1 BACKGROUND
	5.2 ERROR MODEL
	5.3 MODEL-BASED METHODS
		5.3.1 Map Drift
	5.4 NONPARAMETRIC METHODS
		5.4.1 Inverse Filtering
		5.4.2 Phase Gradient
		5.4.3 Minimum Entropy
	5.5 ADVANCED AUTOFOCUS TECHNIQUES
	5.6 EXAMPLES
		5.6.1 Map Drift
		5.6.2 Inverse Filtering
		5.6.3 Phase Gradient
		5.6.4 Minimum Entropy
	PROBLEMS
	References
Chapter 6 Image Registration
	6.1 METHODS
	6.2 PHASE CORRELATION
		6.2.1 Translation
		6.2.2 Rotation
		6.2.3 Scale Change
	6.3 HARRIS CORNER
		6.3.1 Corner Detection
		6.3.2 Corner Matching
	6.4 SCALE INVARIANT FEATURE TRANSFORM
		6.4.1 Gaussian Scale-Space Construction
		6.4.2 Keypoint Selection
		6.4.3 Orientation Assignment
		6.4.4 Keypoint Descriptor Creation
		6.4.5 Descriptor Matching
	6.5 SPEEDED-UP ROBUST FEATURES
		6.5.1 Interest Point Selection
		6.5.2 Orientation Assignment
		6.5.3 Interest Point Descriptors
		6.5.4 Descriptor Matc
	6.6 ORIENTED FAST AND ROTATED BRIEF
		6.6.1 FAST
		6.6.2 BRIEF
	6.7 WARP FUNCTION EXTRACTION
		6.7.1 Formulation
		6.7.2 RANSAC
		6.7.3 Fast-LTS
		6.7.4 EF-LTS
	6.8 EXAMPLES
		6.8.1 Harris Corner
		6.8.2 Phase Correlation
		6.8.3 SIFT
		6.8.4 ORB
	PROBLEMS
	References
Chapter 7 Performance Considerations
	7.1 SPATIAL RESOLUTION
	7.2 SNR
		7.2.1 Antenna System
		7.2.2 Transmitter
		7.2.3 Receiver
	7.3 LOSSES
		7.3.1 Hardware Loss
		7.3.2 Propagation Loss
		7.3.3 Signal Processing Loss
		7.3.4 Antenna Scan Loss
	7.4 UNAMBIGUOUS RANGE
	7.5 DATA HANDLING
	7.6 EXAMPLES
		7.6.1 Spatial Resolution
		7.6.2 Windowing Functions
		7.6.3 NESZ
		7.6.4 Rain Attenuation
		7.6.5 Unambiguous Range
		7.6.6 RGIQE
		7.6.7 RNIIRS
	PROBLEMS
	References
Chapter 8
Future Directions
	8.1 APPLICATIONS
		8.1.1 Spaceborne SAR
		8.1.2 Airborne SAR
		8.1.3 Ground Based SAR
	8.2 TECHNOLOGY TRENDS
		8.2.1 Satellites
		8.2.2 Rockets
		8.2.3 Downlinks
		8.2.4 Signal and Image Processing
	8.3 WORKFLOW AND PROCESSES
	8.4 MARKET DEMAND
	References
Appendix A:
Polarization
	A.1 COORDINATE CONVENTION
	A.2 JONES VECTOR
	A.3 SCATTERING MATRIX
	A.4 COHERENT AND NONCOHERENT SCATTERING
		A.4.1 Covariance
		A.4.2 Coherency
	A.5 DECOMPOSITIONS
		A.5.1 Coherent
		A.5.2 Noncoherent
	References
About the Author