Introduction to Radiometry and Photometry

Introduction to Radiometry and Photometry, Second Edition
	Contents
	Introduction
		End Notes
	Acknowledgments
	1 Fundamental Concepts of Radiometry
		1.1 Electromagnetic Radiation
		1.2 Terminology Conventions
		1.3 Wavelength Notations and Solid Angle
		1.4 Fundamental Definitions
		1.5 Lambertian Radiators and Lambert’s Cosine Law
		1.6 Radiance, Irradiance, Intensity, and Flux Relationships
		1.7 Connection with Electromagnetic Theory
		1.8 Polarization
		1.9 Photon Flux
		1.10 Radiometric Information
		End Notes
	2 Fundamental Concepts of Photometry
		2.1 Light
		2.2 Photometric Definitions
			2.2.1 Radiation Luminous Efficacy, K and the V-lambda Function
			2.2.2 Lighting System Luminous Efficacy,Ks
		2.3 Luminance and Brightness
		2.4 Luminance and Vision
		2.5 Disability Glare
		2.6 Discomfort Glare
		2.7 Illumination
		2.7.1 Illuminance Selection
		End Notes
	3 Blackbodies and Other Sources
		3.1 Blackbody Radiation
		3.2 Planck’s Law
		3.3 Wien Displacement Law
		3.4 Luminous Efficacy of Blackbody Radiation
		3.5 Color and Distribution Temperatures
		3.6 Emission Into an Imperfect Vacuum
		3.7 Radiation Exchange
		3.8 Experimental Approximation of a Blackbody
		3.9 Other Real Sources
		End Notes
	4 Source/Receiver Flux Transfer Calculations
		4.1 Introduction
		4.2 Geometry and Definitions
			4.2.1 Case 1
			4.2.2 Case 2
			4.2.3 Case 3
			4.2.4 Case 4
			4.2.5 Case 5
			4.2.6 Case 6
			4.2.7 Case 7
		4.3 Configuration Factor
		4.4 Net Exchange of Radiation
		4.5 Summary
		End Notes
	5 The Invariance of Radiance and the Limits of Optical Concentration
		5.1 Introduction
		5.2 Radiance Is a Field Quantity
		5.3 Pencils of Rays
		5.4 Elementary Beam Of Radiation
		5.5 Radiance Invariance
		5.6 Radiance Invariance at an Interface
		5.7 Radiance Through a Lens
		5.8 Radiance in Absorbing and Scattering Media
		5.9 Concentrating Radiance Meter
		5.10 The Limits of Optical Concentration
		End Notes
	6 Optical Properties of Materials
		6.1 Introduction
		6.2 Terminology
		6.3 Surface and Interface Optical Proper
			6.3.1 Conductor Optical Properties
			6.3.2 Nonconductor Optical Properties
			6.3.3 Surface Emission Properties
			6.3.4 Angular Dependence of Dielectric Optical Properties
			6.3.5 Rough Surfaces
		6.4 Bulk Medium Optical Properties
		6.5 Properties of Plane Parallel Plates
			6.5.1 Nonscattering Media
			6.5.2 Scattering Media
		6.6 Angular Dependence
		6.7 Broadband Angle Properties
			6.7.1 Transmittance and Reflectance Equations
			6.7.2 Specular and Diffuse Optical Properties
		6.8 Spectral Dependence
		6.9 Broadband Spectral Properties
		6.10 Spectral Selectivity
		End Notes
	7 The Detection of Radiation
		7.1 Introduction
		7.2 Basic Concepts
		7.3 Classification of Detectors
			7.3.1 Thermal Detectors
			7.3.2 Photemissive Detectors
			7.3.3 Semiconductor Devices
			7.3.4 Multielement Detectors, Charge Transfer Devices, and Imagers
		7.4 Detector Noise
		7.5 Signal Modulation and Radiation Chopping
		7.6 Characterization of Detector Performance
			7.6.1 Responsivity, R
			7.6.2 Quantum Efficiency, η
			7.6.3 Noise Equivalent Power, NEP
			7.6.4 Detectivity, D
			7.6.5 Photon Noise-Limited Performance
		7.7 Flux Conditoning Prior to the Detector
			7.7.1 Cosine Response Correction
			7.7.2 Photopic Correction
			7.7.3 Spectral Filtering
		7.8 Signal Conditioning Affer the Detector
		7.9 Detector Calibration
		7.10 Example Detectors and Their Characteristics
		End Notes
	8 Optical Systems
		8.1 Introduction
		8.2 Optical Axis
		8.3 Idealized (Thin) Lens Theory
		8.4 Radiance and Irradiance of Images
		8.5 Vignetting
		8.6 Aberrations
			8.6.1 Spherical Aberration
			8.6.2 Chromatic Aberration
			8.6.3 Distortion
			8.6.4 Coma
			8.6.5 Astigmatism
			8.6.6 Field Curvature
			8.6.7 Correctiug Aberrations
			8.6.8 The Diffraction Limit
		8.7 Image Quality
		8.8 Flux Distribution
		8.9 Nonimaging Optical Systems
		8.10 Throughput
		8.11 Integrating Spheres
			8.11.1 Cosine Correction
			8.11.2 Transmissometers and Reflectometers
		8.12 Monochromators
			8.12.1 Spectral Filters
			8.12.2 Scanning Monochromators
		8.13 Windows
		8.14 Sources
		8.15 Goniometers
		8.16 Transmissometers/Reflectometers
		8.17 Scattering Meters, Nephelometers, Turbidimeters, and Haze Meters
		End Notes
	9 Radiometers and Photometers
		9.1 Introduction
		9.2 General Design Factors
		9.3 Broadband Irradiance and Radiance Meters
		9.4 Restricted Spectral Band Irradiance Meters for the Ultraviolet through the Infrared
		9.5 Illuminance and Luminance Meters
		9.6 Spectroradiometers
		9.7 Calibration of Radiometers and Photometers
			9.7.1 Transfer Standards
			9.7.2 Broadband Irradiance Standard Sources
			9.7.3 Standard Sources for Spectral Irradiance and Spectral Radiance
			9.7.4 Absolute Radiometry
			9.7.5 Standard Illuminance and Luminance Sources
			9.7.6 Radiometer/Photometer Calibration Using Standar Sources
			9.7.7 Spectroradiometer Calibration
			9.7.8 National Standards Laboratories ann Instrument Organizations
		End Notes
	10 Metric Primer and Additional Radiometric and Photometric Quantities and Units
		10.1 Introduction
		10.2 The SI System of Units
			10.2.1 Basic Metric Principles
			10.2.2 Metric Units for Radiometry and Photometry
		10.3 The I-P System of Units
		10.4 Photon Flux Units
		10.5 Other Quantities and Units
		End Notes
	11 Virtual Measurement: Computerized Optical Ray Trace Analysis
		11.1 Introduction
		11.2 Ray Tracing in Radiometry and Photometry
		11.3 Rays and Their Limitations in Ray Tracing Programs
		11.4 Computerized Optical Ray Tracing Methodology
		11.5 The Ray Tracing Process
		11.6 Analysis of Results
		End Notes
	12 Basic Concepts of Color Science
		12.1 Introduction
		12.2 Basic Concepts And Definitions
		12.3 Systems of Color Specification
			12.3.1 Munsell Color System
			12.3.2 CIE 1976 (L*a*b*) Color Space
			12.3.3 Tristimulus Colorimetry
		12.4 CIE 1931 Color System
		12.5 CIE 1964 Supplementary Observer Color System
		12.6 CIE 1976 Uniform Color Space
		12.7 Color Temperature
		12.8 Standard Illuminants and Reflection Colorimetry
			12.8.1 Blackbody Illuminants
			12.8.2 Daylight IIIuminants
			12.8.3 Reflection Colorimetry
		12.9 Color Rendering Index
		12.10 Color Software
		End Notes
	Appendix A Correspondence Between Finite Elements and the Calculus
		A.1 Introduction
		A.2 Definition of the Derivative
		A.3 Definition of the Integral
		A.4 Integrals As Sums
		A.5 Sums over Solid Angles
		End Notes
	Appendix B Table of Physical and Mathematical Constants
	About the Author
	Index