Introduction to optimization for environmental and chemical engineers

Cover......Page 1
Half Title......Page 2
Title Page......Page 4
Copyright Page......Page 5
Dedication......Page 6
Contents......Page 8
Preface......Page 14
About the Book......Page 18
Authors......Page 20
Part I: Optimization Fundamentals and Principles......Page 22
1: Optimization Overview......Page 24
1.1 History of Optimization......Page 25
1.2 The Computer Age......Page 27
1.4 Conventional/Established Optimization Procedures......Page 28
1.5 Contemporary Optimization: Linear Programming......Page 29
References......Page 32
2: Mathematical Operations......Page 34
2.1 The Quadratic Equation......Page 36
2.2 Interpolation and Extrapolation......Page 38
2.3 Significant Figures and Approximate Numbers1......Page 41
2.4 Errors......Page 43
2.5 Differentiation......Page 44
2.6 Numerical Integration......Page 47
2.6.1 Trapezoidal Rule......Page 48
2.6.2 Simpson’s Rule......Page 49
2.7 Simultaneous Linear Algebraic Equations......Page 50
2.7.2 Gauss Elimination......Page 51
2.8 Nonlinear Algebraic Equations......Page 52
2.9 Ordinary Differential Equations......Page 53
2.10.1 Parabolic PDE......Page 58
2.10.2 Elliptical PDE......Page 60
References......Page 61
3: Perturbation Techniques......Page 62
3.1 One Independent Variable......Page 63
3.2 Two Independent Variables......Page 66
3.3 Three Independent Variables......Page 69
References......Page 70
4: Search Methods......Page 72
4.1 Interval Halving Method......Page 74
4.2 The Bisection Method......Page 77
4.3 The Golden Section Method......Page 78
4.4 Method of Steepest Ascent/Descent......Page 81
References......Page 84
5: Graphical Approaches......Page 86
5.1 Rectangular Coordinates......Page 87
5.1.2 Linear versus Non-Linear......Page 88
5.2 Logarithmic-Logarithmic (Log-Log) Coordinates......Page 89
5.3.1 Plotting Straight Lines on Semi-Logarithmic Paper......Page 94
5.4 Methods of Plotting Data......Page 97
5.5 Applications......Page 98
References......Page 102
6.1 Breakeven Considerations......Page 104
6.2 One Independent Variable......Page 106
6.3 General Analytical Formulation of the Optimum......Page 109
6.4 Two Independent Variables......Page 110
6.5 Three Independent Variables......Page 114
References......Page 115
7: Linear Programming......Page 116
7.1 Definitions......Page 117
7.2 Basic Concepts of Optimization......Page 118
7.3 Applied Mathematical Concepts in Linear Programming......Page 120
7.4 Applied Engineering Concepts in Linear Programming......Page 123
7.5 Other Real-World Applied Concepts in Linear Programming......Page 126
References......Page 128
Part II: Environmental Engineering Applications......Page 130
8.1 Outdated Air Pollution Control Device......Page 132
8.2 Coal-Fired Power Plant Options......Page 134
8.3 Particulate Control Equipment Options......Page 135
8.4 Recovering Dust......Page 138
8.5 Incinerating Mercury-Contaminated Waste......Page 140
8.6 Optimizing Incinerator Performance......Page 142
References......Page 144
9.1 Break-Even Point Operation......Page 146
9.2 Wastewater Treatment Equipment Options......Page 147
9.3 Water Disinfection Options......Page 148
9.4 Water Plant Operation......Page 152
9.5 Generating Waste Revenues from Waste Streams......Page 153
9.6 Membrane Construction Costs......Page 154
References......Page 156
10.1 Solid Waste Treatment......Page 158
10.2 Cement Kiln versus Rotary Kiln Incinerator......Page 160
10.3 Sludge Waste Receiving Tank Size......Page 163
10.4 Discounted Cash Flow Application......Page 165
10.5 Maximum Mercury Waste Emission Constraints......Page 168
10.6 Structural Considerations of Concrete Mix......Page 170
References......Page 172
11.1 Minimum Purging Time for a Vessel to Permit Entry......Page 174
11.2 Minimizing the Cost of Cancer-Fighting Drugs......Page 176
11.3 Reducing Insurance Costs......Page 178
11.4 Reducing Health Concerns Associated with Flue Gas Emissions......Page 179
11.5 Vitamin Caloric and Protein Requirements......Page 181
11.6 Pharmaceutical Cancer Drug......Page 182
References......Page 184
12.1 Safety Expenditures versus Return of Safety Investments......Page 186
12.2 Plant Safety Proposal Comparisons......Page 188
12.3 Effect of Failure Distribution Rate......Page 190
12.4 Estimating the Effect of Worst-Case Explosions1,4......Page 193
12.5 Economics of Fire Protection Equipment......Page 195
12.6 Optimizing the Operation of a Cement Incinerator......Page 198
References......Page 201
Part III: Chemical Engineering Applications......Page 202
13.1 Fan Selection......Page 204
13.2 Pump Selection......Page 206
13.3 Pipe Diameter Selection......Page 209
13.4 Two-Stage Compressor......Page 210
13.5 Ventilation Models......Page 212
13.6 Three-Stage Compressor......Page 216
References......Page 218
14.1 Comparing a Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor to a Tubular Flow Reactor Performance......Page 220
14.2 Optimizing Fluidized-Bed Reactor Performance......Page 225
14.3 Two Reactors in Series: Achieving Maximum Conversion......Page 229
14.4 Maximizing Selectivity......Page 231
14.5 Optimizing Batch Reactor Performance......Page 233
14.6 Optimizing Operating Schedules......Page 235
References......Page 236
15.1 Optimum Reflux Ratio......Page 238
15.2 Optimizing a Filter Press Operation......Page 240
15.3 Optimizing Production Rates......Page 242
15.4 Process and Equipment Modifications5......Page 244
15.5 Economic Analysis for an Absorber versus an Extractor......Page 248
15.6 Processing Crude Oil......Page 253
References......Page 254
16.1 Steam Options......Page 256
16.2 Optimum Insulation Thickness......Page 259
16.3 Selecting the Most Profitable Exchanger......Page 260
16.4 Critical Insulation Thickness......Page 263
16.5 Recovering Quality Energy......Page 267
16.6 Maximizing Profit through Energy Recovery......Page 268
References......Page 269
17.1 Shipping Facilities......Page 270
17.2 Tank Farms......Page 273
17.3 Cyclone Selection and Design......Page 275
17.4 Minimizing the Cost of a Batch Plant Operation3,4......Page 279
17.5 Ventilation Models with System Variables......Page 280
17.6 Plant Structure Design5......Page 282
References......Page 283
Part IV: Select Optimization Applications......Page 284
18.1 Air Management......Page 286
18.2 Water Management......Page 289
18.3 Solid Waste Management......Page 292
18.4 Health Risk Assessment......Page 294
18.5 Hazard Risk Assessment......Page 300
18.5.1 DRaT II Model......Page 302
18.5.2 DRaT IV Model......Page 303
References......Page 304
19.1 Fluid Flow......Page 306
19.2 Chemical Reactors......Page 308
19.3 Mass Transfer Operation......Page 314
19.4 Heat Exchangers......Page 316
19.5 Plant Design......Page 318
References......Page 321
20.1 Sulfuric Acid Process......Page 324
20.2 Optimum Indoor Ventilation Flow Rates......Page 325
20.3 Fluid Transportation System1......Page 327
20.4 Mass Transfer Application1......Page 332
References......Page 336
Index......Page 338