Introduction to International Relations ; Enduring Questions and Contemporary Perspectives

Cover
Half title
Titlepage
Copyright page
Contents in Brief
Contents
List of Features
List of Illustrative Material
About the Authors
Preface
Online Teaching and Learning Resources
Author Acknowledgements
Copyright Acknowledgements
1 Understanding International Relations
	International Relations are Part of Everyday Life
	Building Blocks for the Study of International Relations
		Basic Concepts for International Relations
		Levels of Analysis in International Relations
	Recognizing Enduring Questions
		Examples of Enduring Questions
	Making Connections
		Connecting Theory and Practice
		Connecting Past and Present
		Connecting Aspiration and Reality
	Viewing the World from Different Perspectives
		Recognizing Great-Power Centrism
		Recognizing Cleavages within the International System
	Looking Ahead
I. FOUNDATIONS OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
	2 The Emergence of a Global System of States, 1500–today
		ENDURING QUESTION:
How did a fragmented world become a global, integrated
system of states for which order is an ongoing problem?
		Starting Point: The World in 1500
		The Formation of the International Political System, 1500–1900
			A State System Emerges in Western Europe
			European Pursuit of Foreign Empire
			Why were European States Successful Imperialists?
		World War I and World War II, 1900–1945
			World War I: Origins, Conduct, and Aftermath
			The Versailles Treaty and the League of Nations
			Failed Global Reconstruction and the March to World War II, 1920–1939
			War Comes Again to Europe and the World, 1939–45
		The Global Struggle of the Cold War, 1945–1989
			The World in 1945
			Explaining the Origins of the Cold War
			The Cold War as an International Order
		The View from the South: Decolonization, the Non-Aligned Movement, and the Quest for a New International Economic Order
			Decolonization
			The Non-Aligned Movement and Third-World Pressure for a New International Economic Order
		The End of the Cold War and the Collapse of the Soviet Union
			Soviet Economic Reform and its Unintended Political Consequences
			Reagan Made Them Do It
			The Power of the People, not the Leaders
		The Contemporary International Order
		Revisiting the Enduring Question and Looking Ahead
	3 Theories of International Relations
		ENDURING QUESTION:
How do theoretical traditions in international relations
differ on how to understand actors and their behavior on
the global stage?
		The Realist Tradition
			Realist Assumptions
			Realist Propositions
			The English School of International Relations
		The Liberal Tradition
			Liberal Assumptions
			Liberal Propositions
		The Marxist Tradition
			Marxist Assumptions
			Marxist Propositions
		The Constructivist Tradition
			Constructivist Assumptions
			Constructivist Propositions
		The Feminist Tradition
			Feminist Assumptions
			Feminist Propositions
		Comparing Traditions
		Revisiting the Enduring Question and Looking Ahead
	4 The Analysis of Foreign Policy
		ENDURING QUESTION:
What factors most influence the foreign policies of states?
		Foreign Policy Analysis: Connections to International Relations and Core Concepts
			The Study of International Relations and the Analysis of Foreign Policy
			Foreign Policy Interests
			Foreign Policy Strategy
		The Sources of Foreign Policy
			Sources of Foreign Policy at the Individual Level of Analysis
			Sources of Foreign Policy at the State Level of Analysis
			Sources of Foreign Policy at the International Level of Analysis
		How and Why States Change Their Foreign Policy
			Sources of Foreign Policy Change at the Individual Level of Analysis
			Sources of Foreign Policy Change at the State Level of Analysis
			Sources of Foreign Policy Change at the International Level of Analysis
		Revisiting the Enduring Question and Looking Ahead
II. WAR AND PEACE: AN INTRODUCTION TO
SECURITY STUDIES
	5 War and Its Causes
		ENDURING QUESTION:
Why is war a persistent feature of international relations?
		Wars between Countries
			Types of Military Conflicts between Countries
			Incidence of International Military Conflicts
			Lethality of International Wars
		Immediate Causes of War
		Underlying Causes of War: the Individual Level of Analysis
			Misperception, Crisis Escalation, and War: the Role of Stress and ‘Motivated Biases’
			Social Psychology of Small Groups: Groupthink
			Personality Trait of Leaders: Over-Optimism
		Underlying Causes of War: the State Level of Analysis
			Domestic Economic Systems and War
			Domestic Political Institutions and Governmental Processes
		Underlying Causes of War: the International Level of Analysis
			Anarchy as a Permissive Condition for War
			Anarchy as a Propellant of International Conflict
		Internal Wars and their Causes
			Internal Wars and International Peace and Security
			Internal Wars: Types and Trends
			Causes of Internal Wars
		Revisiting the Enduring Question and Looking Ahead
	6 Pathways to Interstate Peace
		ENDURING QUESTION:
What factors make it more likely that states will
resolve their differences and avoid war?
		The International Distribution of Power as a Condition for Peace
			Balance of Power
			Hegemony
		State Strategies for Achieving International Peace
			Diplomacy
			Power Balancing
		International Law and Institutions as Mechanisms for Peace
			Essential Features of International Law and Institutions
			Three Experiences with International Law and Institutions: the League of Nations, the United Nations, and the European Union
		Transnational Mechanisms for Peace
			Economic Interdependence
			A Possible International Community of Democratic Nations
			Peace Movements and Global Civil Society
		Revisiting the Enduring Question and Looking Ahead
		Study Questions
		Further Reading
	7 Weapons of Mass Destruction
		ENDURING QUESTION:
How have weapons of mass destruction, and in particular
nuclear weapons, changed the practice of international
relations?
		Nuclear Weapons
		The Nuclear Revolution
			Assured Destruction and the Peculiar Logic of MAD
			Should Governments Prepare to Fight Nuclear War?
			Living with MAD: Arms Control Efforts
			Does MAD Still Exist Today?
		Nuclear Proliferation and Efforts to Halt it
			Obtaining Nuclear Capability: Difficult But Not Impossible
			Why do States Want Nuclear Weapons?
			How Dangerous is Nuclear Proliferation?
			Efforts to Halt Proliferation: The Grand Bargain
		Chemical and Biological Weapons
			How They Work and Efforts to Control Them
			Comparing Nuclear, Biological and Chemical Weapons
		Weapons of Mass Destruction and Terrorism
			The Emergence of Cyber-Warfare
		Revisiting the Enduring Question and Looking Ahead
III.WEALTH AND POWER: AN INTRODUCTION TO
INTERNATIONAL POLITICAL ECONOMY
	8 International Economics: Basic Theory and Core Institutions
		ENDURING QUESTION:
How do politics shape the global economy?
		Basic Elements of International Trade Theory and Policy
			Building Blocks for Analysis: Consumption and Production
			Comparative Advantage
			The Gains from Trade
			Why do Countries Protect Themselves from Trade?
		Basic Elements of International Money
			National Exchange-Rate Systems
			Fixed Exchange-Rate Systems: Benefits and Problems
		Multinational Enterprises and International Political Economy
			Definition and Characteristics of Multinational Enterprises
			Importance of MNEs to the World Economy
			Political Issues Surrounding MNEs
		The Institutions of the World Economy
			International Trade: From ITO to GATT to WTO
			International Finance: Why is the IMF so Controversial?
			Global Governance: From the G-7 and G-8 to the G-20
		Revisiting the Enduring Question and Looking Ahead
	9 Power, Politics, and The World Economy
		ENDURING QUESTION:
How do governments use international economic
relations to further national political objectives?
		Two Great Eras of Economic Globalization
		States and Markets: Three Great Traditions of Thought
			Economic Liberalism
			Economic Nationalism
			Marxism
		States and Markets in a World of Anarchy
			The Two-Sided Government: Managing Domestic and International Relations
			State Building, War, and Markets
		Great Powers and the World Economy
			Leadership and the Liberal World Economy
		The Contemporary World Economy: Globalization and its Challenges
		Revisiting the Enduring Question and Looking Ahead
	10 Dilemmas of Development
		ENDURING QUESTION:
How does participation in the world economy help or
hinder the economic development of poorer countries?
		What and Where Are the Developing Countries?
			What is Economic Development?
			Growth Experiences of Different Groups of Developing Countries
		International Relations and Challenges to Developing Countries
			Failure to Develop: A Legacy of Colonialism?
			Difficulties in Development
		Is International Trade a Path to Development?
			Developing Countries and Market-Controlling Trade Strategies
			Developing Countries and Market-Accepting Trade Strategies
		Is International Finance a Path to Development?
			International Financial Flows: Meaning, Types, and Magnitudes
			Financial Flows: Opportunities and Challenges for Developing Countries
		Development Strategies and Emerging Great Powers – the BRICS
			China
			India
			Brazil
			Russia
			South Africa
		Revisiting the Enduring Question and Looking Ahead
IV. CONTEMPORARY CHALLENGES AND THE
FUTURE OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
	11 Non-state Actors and Challenges to Sovereignty
		ENDURING QUESTION:
Can the State Continue to Overcome Challenges to its
Authority?
		States, Sovereignty, and the Westphalian System
		Challenges to Sovereign States
			Piracy
			Weak/Failed States
			Terrorism
			Technology and the Privatization of War
		International Responses to Non-State Actors
			Global Response to Failed States
		Whither the State?
		Revisiting the Enduring Question and Looking Ahead
	12 The Environment and International Relations
		ENDURING QUESTION:
How does the natural environment influence
international relations?
		Sources of Problems for the Global Environment and Natural Resources
			Negative Externalities
			The Tragedy of the Commons
		Challenges for the World’s Environment and Natural Resources
			Problems with the Atmosphere
			Damage to the World’s Water Resources
			Damage to the Land
		Management of International Environmental Problems
			Unilateral Responses
			Bilateral Efforts
			Multilateral Approaches
		Revisiting the Enduring Question and Looking Ahead
	13 Facing the Future: Six Visions of an Emerging International Order
		ENDURING QUESTION:
Will the international system undergo fundamental change in
the future?
		Model 1: A World of Geo-Economic Competition
			Characteristics of Geo-Economic Competition
			International Trends
			Contrary Evidence and Questions
		Model 2: A Return to Multipolarity
			Characteristics of Multipolarity
			International Trends
			Contrary Evidence and Questions
		Model 3: A New Bipolarity
			Characteristics of a New Bipolarity
			International Trends
			Contrary Evidence and Questions
		Model 4: A Democratic Peace
			Characteristics of Democratic Peace
			International Trends
			Contrary Evidence and Questions
		Model 5: A Clash of Civilizations
			Characteristics of a Clash of Civilizations
			International Trends
			Contrary Evidence and Questions
		Model 6: Global Fracture: Pre-Modern, Modern, and Post-Modern Zones
			Characteristics of Global Fracture
			International Trends
			Contrary Evidence and Questions
		Looking Back: A Reminder to Focus on Enduring Questions
Glossary
References
Index