Introduction to geophysical fluid dynamics

Title......Page 1
Contents ......Page 2
Preface ......Page 10
1-1 Objective ......Page 13
1-2 Importance of Geophysical Fluid Dynamics ......Page 14
1-3 Distinguishing Attributes of Geophysical Fluid Dynamics ......Page 16
1-4 Scales of Motion ......Page 17
1-5 Importance of Rotation ......Page 20
1-6 Importance of Stratification ......Page 21
1-7 Important Distinctions between the Atmosphere and Oceans ......Page 22
1-8 General Remarks on Data Acquisition ......Page 24
Problems ......Page 25
Suggested Laboratory Demonstration ......Page 26
Historical Note: Walsh Cottage ......Page 27
2-1 Motivation for the Choice of a Rotating Reference Framework ......Page 28
2-2 Rotating Frame of Reference ......Page 29
2-3 Unimportance of the Centrifugal Force ......Page 31
2-4 Motion of a Free Particle on a Rotating Plane ......Page 33
2-5 Analogy with a Pendulum ......Page 35
2-6 Acceleration on a Three-Dimensional Rotating Earth ......Page 39
Problems ......Page 41
Suggested Laboratory Demonstrations ......Page 43
Biography: Gaspard Gustave de Coriolis ......Page 44
3-1 Momentum Equations ......Page 45
3-2 Other Governing Equations ......Page 46
3-3 The Boussinesq Approximation ......Page 49
3-4 Further Simplifications ......Page 52
3-5 Recapitulation of the Equations Governing Geophysical Flows ......Page 55
3-6 The Rossby and Ekman Numbers ......Page 56
Problems ......Page 57
Biography: Carl-Gustaf Arvid Rossby ......Page 59
4-1 Homogeneous Geostrophic Flows ......Page 61
4-2 Homogeneous Geostrophic Flows over an Irregular Bottom ......Page 64
4-3 Generalization to Nongeostrophic Flows ......Page 66
4-4 Vorticity Dynamics ......Page 68
Problems ......Page 70
Suggested Laboratory Demonstration ......Page 72
Biography: Geoffrey Ingram Taylor ......Page 73
5-1 On the Importance of Friction ......Page 74
5-2 The Bottom Ekman Layer ......Page 75
5-3 Generalization to Nonuniform Currents ......Page 78
5-4 The Surface Ekman Layer ......Page 80
5-5 The Ekman Layer over Uneven Terrain ......Page 82
5-6 The Ekman Layer in Real Geophysical Flows ......Page 84
Problems ......Page 86
Suggested Laboratory Demonstration ......Page 87
Biography: Vagn Walfrid Ekman ......Page 88
6-1 Linear Wave Dynamics ......Page 89
6-2 The Kelvin Wave ......Page 91
6-3 Inertia-Gravity Waves (Poincare Waves) ......Page 94
6-4 Planetary Waves (Rossby Waves) ......Page 95
6-5 Topographic Waves ......Page 99
6-6 Analogy between Planetary and Topographic Waves ......Page 103
Problems ......Page 105
Suggested Laboratory Demonstration ......Page 106
Biogiaphy: William Thomson, Lord Kelvin ......Page 107
7-1 Introduction ......Page 108
7-2 Waves on a Shear Flow ......Page 109
7-3 Bounds on Wave Speeds and Growth Rales ......Page 112
7-4 A Simple Example ......Page 115
Problems ......Page 118
Biography: Louis Norberg Howard ......Page 120
8-1 Some Remarks on the Ocean and Atmosphere ......Page 121
8-2 A Simple Model of Midlatitude Circulation ......Page 123
8-3 Sverdrup Transport ......Page 126
8-4 Westward Intensification ......Page 127
8-5 Discussion ......Page 130
Suggested Laboratory Demonstration ......Page 131
Biography: Harald Ulrik Sverdrup ......Page 133
Biography: Henry Melson Stommel ......Page 134
9-1 Introduction ......Page 135
9-2 Static Stability ......Page 136
9-3 A Note on Atmospheric Stratification ......Page 137
9-4 The Importance of Stratification: The Froude Number ......Page 141
9-5 Combination of Rotation and Stratification ......Page 144
Suggested Laboratory Demonstration ......Page 146
Biography: David Brunt ......Page 147
10-1 From Surface to Internal Waves ......Page 148
10-2 Internal-Wave Theory ......Page 150
10-3 Structure of an Internal Wave ......Page 152
10-4 Lee Waves ......Page 155
10-5 A Note on Nonlinear Effects ......Page 159
Problems ......Page 160
Suggested Laboratory Demonstration ......Page 161
Biography: Walter Heinrich Munk ......Page 162
11-1 Mixing of Stratified Fluids ......Page 163
11-2 Instability of a Stratified Shear Flow ......Page 166
11-3 Turbulence in a Stratified Shear Flow ......Page 172
11-4 Convection ......Page 174
Problems ......Page 178
Suggested Laboratory Demonstration ......Page 179
Biography: Lewis Fry Richardson ......Page 180
12-1 From Depth to Density ......Page 181
12-2 Potential Vorticity ......Page 184
12-3 Layered Models ......Page 186
Problems ......Page 191
Biography: Raymond Braislin Montgomery ......Page 192
13-1 Thermal Wind ......Page 193
13-2 Geostrophic Adjustment ......Page 195
13-3 Energetics of Geostrophic Adjustment ......Page 199
Problems ......Page 201
Suggested Laboratory Demonstration ......Page 203
Biography: George Veronis ......Page 204
14-1 The Upwelling Process ......Page 205
14-3 Finite-Amplitude Upwelling ......Page 209
14-4 Variability of the Upwelling Front ......Page 211
Problems ......Page 212
Biography: Kozo Yoshida ......Page 215
15-1 Simplifying Assumption ......Page 216
15-2 Governing Equation ......Page 218
15-3 Discussion ......Page 222
15-4 Energetics ......Page 224
15-5 Planetary Waves in a Stratified Fluid ......Page 226
15-6 Some Nonlinear Effects ......Page 231
Problems ......Page 235
Biography: Jule Gregory Charney ......Page 236
16-1 Cause for Instability ......Page 237
16-2 Linear Theory ......Page 241
16-3 Heat Transport ......Page 245
16-4 More-General Criteria ......Page 246
Suggested Laboratory Demonstration ......Page 249
Biography: Joseph Pedlosky ......Page 251
17-1-1 Origin and Scales......Page 252
17-1-2 Meanders ......Page 255
17-1-4 Stretching and Topographic Effects ......Page 259
17-1-5 Instabilities ......Page 262
17-2 Vortices ......Page 263
17-3 Geostrophic Turbulence ......Page 271
Problems ......Page 273
Suggested Laboratory Demonstrations ......Page 275
Biography: Melvin Ernest Stem ......Page 276
Biography: Allan Richard Robinson ......Page 277
18-1 Climate versus Weather ......Page 279
18-2 Global Heat Budget ......Page 280
18-3 General Atmospheric Circulation ......Page 283
18-4 The Ocean as a Regulator ......Page 289
18-5 Greenhouse Effect ......Page 290
Problems ......Page 293
Suggested Laboratory Demonstration ......Page 294
Biography: Syukuro Manabe ......Page 295
19-1 Equatorial Beta Plane ......Page 296
19-2 Linear Wave Theory ......Page 297
19-3 El Nino ......Page 302
Problems ......Page 304
Biography: Adrian Edmund Gill ......Page 305
A-1 Wave Number and Wavelength ......Page 306
A-2 Frequency, Phase Speed, and Dispersion ......Page 308
A-3 Group Velocity and Energy Propagation ......Page 311
Problems ......Page 313
Suggested Computer Demonstration ......Page 314
References ......Page 315
Index (beginning only)......Page 325