Introduction to General, Organic, and Biochemistry

Front Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication Page
About the Authors
Preface
Brief Contents
CONTENTS
1 An Introduction to Chemistry
	1.1 Why Study Chemistry?
	1.2 The Nature of Chemistry
	1.3 Thinking Like a Chemist
	1.4 A Scientific Approach to Problem Solving
	CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Molecular Gastronomy
	1.5 The Scientific Method
	1.6 The Particulate Nature of Matter
	1.7 Physical States of Matter
	1.8 Classifying Matter
		Distinguishing Mixtures from Pure Substances
	Review
	Review Questions
	Paired Exercises
	Additional Exercises
2 Standards for Measurement
	2.1 Scientific Notation
	2.2 Measurement and Uncertainty
	2.3 Significant Figures
		Rounding Off Numbers
	2.4 Significant Figures in Calculations
		Multiplication or Division
		Addition or Subtraction
	2.5 The Metric System
		Measurement of Length
	2.6 Dimensional Analysis
	CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Keeping Track of Units
	2.7 Measuring Mass and Volume
	CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Setting Standards
	2.8 Measurement of Temperature
	CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Taking the Temperature of Old Faithful
	2.9 Density
	Review
	Review Questions
	Paired Exercises, Additional Exercises Challenge Exercises
	Answers to Practice Exercises
3 Elements and Compounds
	3.1 Elements
	3.2 Distribution of Elements
		Earth’s Crust, Seawater, and Atmosphere
		Human Body
	3.3 Names of the Elements
	3.4 Symbols of the Elements
	3.5 Introduction to the Periodic Table
	CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Elements on UTube?
		Metals, Nonmetals, and Metalloids
	3.6 Elements in Their Natural States
	3.7 Elements That Exist as Diatomic Molecules
	CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Using Oxygen to Revive Damaged Art
	3.8 Compounds
	3.9 Chemical Formulas
	CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Cars: Is Hydrogen the Answer?
	Review
	Review Questions
	Paired Exercises
	Answers to Practice Exercises
4 Properties of Matter
	4.1 Properties of Substances
	CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Making Money
	4.2 Physical Changes
	4.3 Chemical Changes
	4.4 Conservation of Mass
	4.5 Learning to Solve Problems
	4.6 Energy
	4.7 Heat: Quantitative Measurement
	CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Popping Popcorn
	4.8 Energy in Chemical Changes
	4.9 Conservation of Energy
	4.10 Energy in the Real World
	Review
	Review Questions
	Paired Exercises
	Answers to Practice Exercises
PUTTING IT TOGETHER: Review for Chapters 1–4
5 Early Atomic Theory and Structure
	5.1 Early Thoughts
	5.2 Dalton’s Model of the Atom
	5.3 Composition of Compounds
	5.4 The Nature of Electric Charge
	5.5 Discovery of Ions
	5.6 Subatomic Parts of the Atom
	5.7 The Nuclear Atom
	5.8 Isotopes of the Elements
	CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Isotope Detectives
	5.9 Atomic Mass
	Review
	Review Questions
	Paired Exercises
	Answers to Practice Exercises
6 Nomenclature of Inorganic Compounds
	6.1 Common and Systematic Names
	6.2 Elements and Ions
	CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: What’s in a Name?
	6.3 Writing Formulas from Names of Ionic Compounds
	6.4 Naming Binary Compounds
		Binary Ionic Compounds Containing a Metal Forming Only One Type of Cation
	6.5 Naming Compounds Containing Polyatomic Ions
	6.6 Acids
	Review
	Review Questions
	Paired Exercises
	Challenge Exercises
	Answers to Practice Exercises
PUTTING IT TOGETHER: Review for Chapters 5–6
7 Quantitative Composition of Compounds
	7.1 The Mole
	7.2 Molar Mass of Compounds
	7.3 Percent Composition of Compounds
	7.4 Empirical Formula versus Molecular Formula
	CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Vanishing Coins?
	7.5 Calculating Empirical Formulas
	7.6 Calculating the Molecular Formula from the Empirical Formula
	Review
	Review Questions
	Paired Exercises
	Challenge Exercises
	Answers to Practice Exercises
8 Chemical Equations
	8.1 The Chemical Equation
	8.2 Writing and Balancing Chemical Equations
	8.3 Information in a Chemical Equation
	8.4 Types of Chemical Equations
		Combination Reaction
	CHEMISTRY IN ACTION CO Poisoning—A Silent Killer
		Decomposition Reaction
		Single-Displacement Reaction
	8.5 Heat in Chemical Reactions
	8.6 Global Warming: The Greenhouse Effect
	CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Decreasing Carbon Footprints
	Review
	Review Questions
	Paired Exercises, Additional Exercises Challenge Exercises
	Answers to Practice Exercises
9 Calculations from Chemical Equations
	9.1 A Short Review
	9.2 Introduction to Stoichiometry
	9.3 Mole–Mole Calculations
	9.4 Mole–Mass Calculations
	9.5 Mass–Mass Calculations
	9.6 Limiting Reactant and Yield Calculations
	CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: A Shrinking Technology
	Review
	Review Questions
	Paired Exercises
	Answers to Practice Exercises
PUTTING IT TOGETHER: Review for Chapters 7–9
10 Modern Atomic Theory and the Periodic Table
	10.1 A Brief History
	10.2 Electromagnetic Radiation
	CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: You Light Up My Life
	10.3 The Bohr Atom
	10.4 Energy Levels of Electrons
	CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Atomic Clocks
	10.5 Atomic Structures of the First 18 Elements
	10.6 Electron Structures and the Periodic Table
	CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Collecting the Elements
	Review
	Review Questions
	Paired Exercises
	Answers to Practice Exercises
11 Chemical Bonds: The Formation of Compounds from Atoms
	11.1 Periodic Trends in Atomic Properties
		Metals and Nonmetals
		Atomic Radius
		Ionization Energy
	11.2 Lewis Structures of Atoms
	11.3 The Ionic Bond: Transfer of Electrons from One Atom to Another
	11.4 Predicting Formulas of Ionic Compounds
	11.5 The Covalent Bond: Sharing Electrons
	11.6 Electronegativity
	CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Trans-forming Fats
	CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Goal! A Spherical Molecule
	11.7 Lewis Structures of Compounds
	11.8 Complex Lewis Structures
	11.9 Compounds Containing Polyatomic Ions
	11.10 Molecular Shape
	CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Strong Enough to Stop a Bullet?
	11.11 The Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) Model
	Review
	Review Questions
	Paired Exercises
	Answers to Practice Exercises
PUTTING IT TOGETHER: Review for Chapters 10–11
12 The Gaseous State of Matter
	12.1 General Properties
	12.2 The Kinetic-Molecular Theory
	12.3 Measurement of Pressure of Gases
	12.4 Dependence of Pressure on Number of Molecules and Temperature
	12.5 Boyle’s Law
	12.6 Charles’ Law
	12.7 Gay-Lussac’s Law
	12.8 Combined Gas Laws
	12.9 Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures
	CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Messenger Molecules
	12.10 Avogadro’s Law
	12.11 Mole–Mass–Volume Relationships of Gases
	12.12 Density of Gases
	12.13 Ideal Gas Law
	12.14 Gas Stoichiometry
	12.15 Real Gases
	CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Wetland Blanket for Global Warming
	Review
	Review Questions
	Paired Exercises
	Answers to Practice Exercises
13 Properties of Liquids
	13.1 What Is a Liquid?
	13.2 Evaporation
	13.3 Vapor Pressure
	13.4 Surface Tension
	13.5 Boiling Point
	CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Chemical Eye Candy
	13.6 Freezing Point or Melting Point
	13.7 Changes of State
	13.8 The Hydrogen Bond
	CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: How Sweet It Is!
	13.9 Hydrates
	13.10 Water, a Unique Liquid
		Physical Properties of Water
		Structure of the Water Molecule
		Formation of Water
		Reactions of Water with Metals and Nonmetals
		Reactions of Water with Metal and Nonmetal Oxides
	13.11 Water Purification
	CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Quenching the Thirst for Clean Water
	Review
	Review Questions
	Paired Exercises
	Answers to Practice Exercises
14 Solutions
	14.1 General Properties of Solutions
	CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Exploding Silicon
	14.2 Solubility
	14.3 Factors Related to Solubility
		The Nature of the Solute and Solvent
		The Effect of Temperature on Solubility
		The Effect of Pressure on Solubility
		Saturated, Unsaturated, and Supersaturated Solutions
	14.4 Rate of Dissolving Solids
	14.5 Solutions: A Reaction Medium
	14.6 Concentration of Solutions
		Dilute and Concentrated Solutions
		Mass Percent Solution
		Molarity
		Dilution Problems
	14.7 Colligative Properties of Solutions
	CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: The Scoop on Ice Cream
	14.8 Osmosis and Osmotic Pressure
	Review
	Review Questions
	Paired Exercises
	Answers to Practice Exercises
PUTTING IT TOGETHER: Review for Chapters 12–14
15 Acids, Bases, and Salts
	15.1 Acids and Bases
	15.2 Reactions of Acids
	15.3 Reactions of Bases
	15.4 Salts
	CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: A Cool Fizz
	15.5 Electrolytes and Nonelectrolytes
	15.6 Dissociation and Ionization of Electrolytes
	15.7 Strong and Weak Electrolytes
	15.8 Ionization of Water
	15.9 Introduction to pH
	CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: In the Pink— A Sign of Corrosion
	15.10 Neutralization
	15.11 Writing Net Ionic Equations
	15.12 Acid Rain
	15.13 Colloids
	CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Foam Cars— Wave of the Future?
	15.14 Properties of Colloids
	15.15 Applications of Colloidal Properties
	Review
	Review Questions
	Paired Exercises
	Answers to Practice Exercises
16 Chemical Equilibrium
	16.1 Reversible Reactions
	16.2 Rates of Reaction
	16.3 Chemical Equilibrium
	16.4 Le Chatelier’s Principle
	CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: New Ways in Fighting Cavities and Avoiding the Drill
	16.5 Effect of Concentration on Equilibrium
	16.6 Effect of Volume on Equilibrium
	16.7 Effect of Temperature on Equilibrium
	16.8 Effect of Catalysts on Equilibrium
	16.9 Equilibrium Constants
	16.10 Ion Product Constant for Water
	16.11 Ionization Constants
	16.12 Solubility Product Constant
	16.13 Acid–Base Properties of Salts
	16.14 Buffer Solutions: The Control of pH
	CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Exchange of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide in the Blood
	Review
	Review Questions
	Paired Exercises
	Answers to Practice Exercises
17 Oxidation-Reduction
	17.1 Oxidation Number
	17.2 Oxidation–Reduction
	17.3 Balancing Oxidation–Reduction Equations
	17.4 Balancing Ionic Redox Equations
	CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Sensitive Sunglasses
	17.5 Activity Series of Metals
	17.6 Electrolytic and Voltaic Cells
	CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Superbattery Uses Hungry Iron Ions
	Review
	Review Questions
	Paired Exercises
	Answers to Practice Exercises
PUTTING IT TOGETHER: Review for Chapters 15–17
18 Nuclear Chemistry
	18.1 Discovery of Radioactivity
	18.2 Natural Radioactivity
	18.3 Alpha Particles, Beta Particles, and Gamma Rays
		Alpha Particles
		Beta Particles
	18.4 Radioactive Disintegration Series
	18.5 Transmutation of Elements
	18.6 Artificial Radioactivity
	18.7 Measurement of Radioactivity
	18.8 Nuclear Fission
	CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Does Your Food Glow in the Dark?
	18.9 Nuclear Power
	18.10 The Atomic Bomb
	18.11 Nuclear Fusion
	18.12 Mass-Energy Relationship in Nuclear Reactions
	18.13 Transuranium Elements
	18.14 Biological Effects of Radiation
		Acute Radiation Damage
	CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: A Window into Living Organisms
		Long-Term Radiation Damage
		Genetic Effects
	Review
	Review Questions
	Paired Exercises
	Answers to Practice Exercises
PUTTING IT TOGETHER: Review for Chapter 18
19 Organic Chemistry: Saturated Hydrocarbons
	19.1 Organic Chemistry: History and Scope
	19.2 The Carbon Atom: Bonding and Shape
	19.3 Organic Formulas and Molecular Models
	19.4 Classifying Organic Compounds
	19.5 Hydrocarbons
	19.6 Saturated Hydrocarbons: Alkanes
	19.7 Carbon Bonding in Alkanes
	19.8 Isomerism
	19.9 Naming Organic Compounds
	19.10 Introduction to the Reactions of Carbon
	19.11 Reactions of Alkanes
	CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Health, Anesthesia, and Alkyl Halides
		Free-Radical Mechanism for Halogenation of Alkanes
	19.12 Sources of Alkanes
	19.13 Gasoline: A Major Petroleum Product
	CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Gasoline, a Renewable Fuel?
	19.14 Cycloalkanes
		Naming Cycloalkanes
	Review
	Review Questions
	Paired Exercises
	Answers to Practice Exercises
20 Unsaturated Hydrocarbons
	20.1 Bonding in Unsaturated Hydrocarbons
	20.2 Nomenclature of Alkenes
	20.3 Geometric Isomerism in Alkenes
	20.4 Cycloalkenes
	20.5 Preparation and Physical Properties of Alkenes
		Cracking
		Dehydration of Alcohols
		Physical Properties
	20.6 Chemical Properties of Alkenes
		Addition
	20.7 Alkynes: Nomenclature and Preparation
		Preparation
	20.8 Physical and Chemical Properties of Alkynes
		Physical Properties
		Chemical Properties
	20.9 Aromatic Hydrocarbons: Structure
	20.10 Naming Aromatic Compounds
		Monosubstituted Benzenes
		Disubstituted Benzenes
	CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Health and Sunscreens
		Polysubstituted Benzenes
	20.11 Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds
	CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Graphene—Another Amazing Form of Carbon
	20.12 Sources and Physical Properties of Aromatic Hydrocarbons
	20.13 Chemical Properties of Aromatic Hydrocarbons
	Review
	Review Questions
	Paired Exercises, Additional Exercises Challenge Exercises
	Answers to Practice Exercises
21 Polymers: Macromolecules
	21.1 Macromolecules
	21.2 Synthetic Polymers
	21.3 Polymer Types
	21.4 Addition Polymerization
	CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Health and Plasticizers
	21.5 Addition Polymers: Use and Reuse (Recycling)
	21.6 Butadiene Polymers
	CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Timed-Release Degradation— A Plastic That Self-Destructs
	21.7 Geometric Isomerism in Polymers
	Review
	Review Questions
	Paired Exercises
	Answers to Practice Exercises
PUTTING IT TOGETHER: Review for Chapters 19–21
22 Alcohols, Ethers, Phenols, and Thiols
	22.1 Functional Groups
	22.2 Classification of Alcohols
	22.3 Naming Alcohols
	22.4 Physical Properties of Alcohols
	22.5 Chemical Properties of Alcohols
		Acidic and Basic Properties
		Oxidation
	CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Menthol—A Cool Chemical
		Dehydration
		Esterification (Conversion of Alcohols to Esters)
		Utility of the Hydroxyl Functional Group
	22.6 Common Alcohols
		Methanol
		Ethanol
		2-Propanol (Isopropanol, Isopropyl Alcohol)
		Ethylene Glycol (1,2-Ethanediol)
		Glycerol (1,2,3-Propanetriol)
	22.7 Phenols
		Naming Phenols
		Common Phenols
	CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Health and Polyphenols
	22.8 Properties of Phenols
	22.9 Production of Phenol
	22.10 Ethers
		Naming Ethers
	22.11 Structures and Properties of Ethers
	22.12 Preparation of Ethers
	22.13 Thiols
	Review
	Review Questions
	Paired Exercises
	Answers to Practice Exercises
23 Aldehydes and Ketones
	23.1 Structures of Aldehydes and Ketones
	23.2 Naming Aldehydes and Ketones
		Aldehydes
		Ketones
	23.3 Bonding and Physical Properties
	CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Health, Muscle Rubs, and Camphor
	23.4 Chemical Properties of Aldehydes and Ketones
		Oxidation
		Reduction
		Addition Reactions
	CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Microbial Chemical Warfare and Antibiotic Resistance
	23.5 Common Aldehydes and Ketones
	23.6 Condensation Polymers
		Phenol–Formaldehyde Polymers
	Review
	Review Questions
	Paired Exercises
	Answers to Practice Exercise
PUTTING IT TOGETHER: Review for Chapters 22–23
24 Carboxylic Acids and Esters
	24.1 Carboxylic Acids
	24.2 Nomenclature and Sources of Aliphatic Carboxylic Acids
	24.3 Physical Properties of Carboxylic Acids
	24.4 Classification of Carboxylic Acids
		Unsaturated Carboxylic Acids
		Aromatic Carboxylic Acids
		Dicarboxylic Acids
		Hydroxy Acids
	CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Health and MSG
		Amino Acids
	24.5 Preparation of Carboxylic Acids
	24.6 Chemical Properties of Carboxylic Acids
	24.7 Nomenclature of Esters
	CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: A “Truly Green” Plastic
	24.8 Occurrence and Physical Properties of Esters
	24.9 Polyesters: Condensation Polymers
	24.10 Chemical Properties of Esters
		Acid Hydrolysis
		Alkaline Hydrolysis (Saponification)
	24.11 Glycerol Esters
	24.12 Soaps and Synthetic Detergents
		Soaps
		Synthetic Detergents
		Biodegradability
		Soap and Fighting Infection
	24.13 Esters and Anhydrides of Phosphoric Acid
	Review
	Review Questions
	Paired Exercises
	Answers to Practice Exercises
25 Amides and Amines: Organic Nitrogen Compounds
	25.1 Amides: Nomenclature and Physical Properties
	25.2 Chemical Properties of Amides
	25.3 Polyamides: Condensation Polymers
	25.4 Urea
	25.5 Amines: Nomenclature and Physical Properties
		Naming Amines
	25.6 Preparation of Amines
	25.7 Chemical Properties of Amines
		Alkaline Properties of Amines
		Salt Formation
	CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Supersolvents
		Formation of Amides
	25.8 Sources and Uses of Selected Amines
	CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Health, Caffeine, and Learning
	Review
	Review Questions
	Paired Exercises
	Answers to Practice Exercises
PUTTING IT TOGETHER: Review for Chapters 24–25
26 Stereoisomerism
	26.1 Review of Isomerism
	26.2 Plane-Polarized Light
		Specific Rotation
	26.3 Optical Activity
	26.4 Fischer Projection Formulas
	26.5 Enantiomers
	CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: What a Difference a Shape Makes
	26.6 Racemic Mixtures
	26.7 Diastereomers and Meso Compounds
	CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Health and the Chiral Switch
	Review
	Review Questions
	Paired Exercises, Additional Exercises Challenge Exercise
	Answers to Practice Exercises
27 Carbohydrates
	27.1 Carbohydrates: A First Class of Biochemicals
	27.2 Classification of Carbohydrates
	27.3 Importance of Carbohydrates for Life
	27.4 Monosaccharides
		Glucose
	CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Health and the “Sugar High”
		Galactose
		Fructose
	27.5 Structure of Glucose and Other Aldoses
	27.6 Cyclic Structure of Glucose; Mutarotation
	27.7 Hemiacetals and Acetals
	27.8 Structures of Galactose and Fructose
	27.9 Pentoses
	27.10 Disaccharides
	27.11 Structures and Properties of Disaccharides
	27.12 Sweeteners and Diet
	27.13 Redox Reactions of Monosaccharides
		Oxidation
		Redox Tests for Carbohydrates
	27.14 Polysaccharides Derived from Glucose
		Starch
		Glycogen
		Cellulose
	CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Screening for Cancer: Finding a Needle in a Haystack
	27.15 Complex Polysaccharides
	Review
	Review Questions
	Paired Exercises
	Answers to Practice Exercises
28 Lipids
	28.1 Lipids: Hydrophobic Molecules
	28.2 Classification of Lipids
	28.3 Simple Lipids
		Fatty Acids
		Eicosanoids
		Fats and Oils
		Waxes
	28.4 Fats in Metabolism
	28.5 Compound Lipids
		Phospholipids
		Sphingolipids
		Glycolipids
	28.6 Steroids
	28.7 Hydrophobic Lipids and Biology
		Atherosclerosis
	CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Stealth Drug Delivery
		Biological Membranes
	CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Health, Skin, and Transdermal Patches
	Review
	Review Questions
	Paired Exercises, Additional Exercises Challenge Exercise
	Answers to Practice Exercises
PUTTING IT TOGETHER: Review for Chapters 26–28
29 Amino Acids, Polypeptides, and Proteins
	29.1 The Structure–Function Connection
	29.2 The Nature of Amino Acids
	29.3 Essential Amino Acids
	29.4 D-Amino Acids and L-Amino Acids
	29.5 Amphoterism
	29.6 Formation of Polypeptides
	CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Health, Growth Factors, and Cancer
	29.7 Protein Structure
	29.8 Protein Functions
	29.9 Some Examples of Proteins and Their Structures
		Fibrous Proteins
		Globular Proteins
	CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Molecular Machines
	29.10 Loss of Protein Structure
	29.11 Tests for Proteins and Amino Acids
		Chromatographic Separation
		Electrophoresis
	29.12 Determination of the Primary Structure of Polypeptides
	Review
	Review Questions
	Paired Exercises
	Answers to Practice Exercises
30 Enzymes
	30.1 Molecular Accelerators
	30.2 Rates of Chemical Reactions
	30.3 Enzyme Kinetics
	30.4 Industrial-Strength Enzymes
		Food Processing
		Technology
		Consumer Goods
		Medical Uses
	30.5 Enzyme Active Site
	CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Health and Cytochrome P450
	30.6 Temperature and pH Effects on Enzyme Catalysis
	30.7 Enzyme Regulation
	CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Aspirin and Stroke: A Very Potent Enzyme Inhibitor
	Review
	Review Questions
	Paired Exercises
	Answers to Practice Exercises
31 Nucleic Acids and Heredity
	31.1 Molecules of Heredity—A Link
	31.2 Bases and Nucleosides
	31.3 Nucleotides: Phosphate Esters
	31.4 High-Energy Nucleotides
	31.5 Polynucleotides; Nucleic Acids
	31.6 Structure of DNA
	31.7 DNA Replication
	CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: The Double Helix Revisited
	CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Fingerprints in the Genes
		DNA, Cell Division, and Cloning
		DNA, Cancer, and Chemotherapy
	31.8 RNA: Genetic Transcription
	CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Health and RNA
		RNA and Genetic Control
	31.9 The Genetic Code
	31.10 Genes and Medicine
		Cancer
		Human Genome Project
	31.11 Biosynthesis of Proteins
	31.12 Changing the Genome: Mutations and Genetic Engineering
	Review
	Review Questions
	Paired Exercises
	Answers to Practice Exercises
PUTTING IT TOGETHER: Review for Chapters 29–31
32 Nutrition
	32.1 Nutrients
	32.2 Diet
	32.3 Energy in the Diet
	32.4 Carbohydrates in the Diet
	CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Health and Fiber
	32.5 Fats in the Diet
	32.6 Proteins in the Diet
	32.7 Vitamins
	32.8 Minerals
	32.9 Water
	32.10 Nutrition Content Labeling
	32.11 Food Additives
	32.12 A Balanced Diet
	CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Longevity and Diet
	32.13 Human Digestion
	32.14 Absorption
	32.15 Liver Function
	Review
	Review Questions
	Paired Exercises, Additional Exercises Challenge Exercise
	Answers to Practice Exercises
33 Bioenergetics
	33.1 Energy Changes in Living Organisms
	33.2 Metabolism and Cell Structure
	33.3 Biological Oxidation–Reduction: Energy Delivery
	33.4 Molecular Oxygen and Metabolism
	33.5 High-Energy Phosphate Bonds
	33.6 Phosphorylation: Energy Conversion
	CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Health, Muscles, and Creatine
	33.7 Photosynthesis
	Review
	Review Questions
	Paired Exercises, Additional Exercises Challenge Exercise
	Answers to Practice Exercises
34 Carbohydrate Metabolism
	34.1 Metabolic Pathways
	34.2 Exercise and Energy Metabolism
	34.3 Carbohydrate Metabolism and Cooperation
		Carbohydrate Metabolism: Organs Working Together
		Carbohydrate Metabolism: A Set of Coordinated Metabolic Pathways
	34.4 Anaerobic Sequence
	CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Health, Carbohydrate Metabolism, and Cancer
	34.5 Citric Acid Cycle (Aerobic Sequence)
	34.6 Gluconeogenesis
	34.7 Overview of Complex Metabolic Pathways
	34.8 Hormones
	34.9 Blood Glucose and Hormones
	Review
	Review Questions
	Paired Exercises
	Answers to Practice Exercises
35 Metabolism of Lipids and Proteins
	35.1 Metabolic Energy Sources: Organs Working Together for the Common Good
	35.2 Fatty Acid Oxidation (Beta Oxidation)
	CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Health and Abdominal Fat
	35.3 Fat Storage and Utilization
	35.4 Biosynthesis of Fatty Acids (Lipogenesis)
	35.5 Ketone Bodies
	CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Ketone Bodies and Low Carbohydrate Diets
	35.6 Amino Acid Metabolism
	35.7 Metabolic Nitrogen Fixation
	35.8 Amino Acids and Metabolic Nitrogen Balance
	35.9 Amino Acids and Nitrogen Transfer
	35.10 Nitrogen Excretion and the Urea Cycle
	35.11 Acetyl-CoA, a Central Molecule in Metabolism
	Review
	Review Questions
	Paired Exercises
	Answers to Practice Exercises
PUTTING IT TOGETHER: Review for Chapters 32–35
Appendixes
	I Mathematical Review
	II Using a Scientific Calculator
	III Units of Measurement
	IV Vapor Pressure of Water at Various Temperatures
	V Solubility Table
	VI Answers to Selected Exercises
	VII Answers to Putting It Together Review Exercises
Glossary
Photo Credits
INDEX
Inside Back Cover
	Periodic Table of the Elements
	Atomic Masses of the Elements
	Names, Formulas, and Charges of Common Ions
	Prefixes and Numerical Values for SI Units
	SI Units and Conversion Factors