Introduction to fluid mechanics

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Table of Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
Author
Introduction
1 Fundamental Concepts
	1.1 Dimensions and Units
	1.2 Properties of Fluids
		1.2.1 Density
	1.3 Viscosity
		1.3.1 Time-Independent Fluids
		1.3.2 Time-Dependent Fluids
		1.3.3 Viscoelastic Fluids
		1.3.4 Kinematic Viscosity
		1.3.5 Pressure
		1.3.6 Surface Tension
		1.3.7 Specific Heat
		1.3.8 Internal Energy
		1.3.9 Enthalpy
		1.3.10 Compressibility Factor/Bulk Modulus
		1.3.11 Ideal Gas Law
	1.4 Liquids and Gases
	1.5 Continuum
	Problems
	Miscellaneous Properties
2 Fluid Statics
	2.1 Pressure and Pressure Measurement
	2.2 Hydrostatic Forces on Submerged Plane Surfaces
	2.3 Hydrostatic Forces on Submerged Curved Surfaces
	2.4 Equilibrium of Accelerating Fluids
	2.5 Forces on Submerged Bodies
	2.6 Stability of Submerged and Floating Bodies
	2.7 Summary
	Internet Resources
	Problems
3 Basic Equations of Fluid Mechanics
	3.1 Kinematics of Flow
	3.2 Control Volume Approach
	3.3 Continuity Equation
	3.4 Momentum Equation
		3.4.1 Linear Momentum Equation
	3.5 Energy Equation
	3.6 Bernoulli Equation
	3.7 Summary
	Internet Resources
	Problems
4 Dimensional Analysis and Dynamic Similitude
	4.1 Dimensional Homogeneity and Analysis
		4.1.1 Rayleigh Method
		4.1.2 Buckingham PI Method
	4.2 Dimensionless Ratios
		4.2.1 Flow in a Pipe or Conduit
		4.2.2 Flow over Immersed Bodies
		4.2.3 Open-Channel Flow
		4.2.4 Unbounded Flows
	4.3 Dimensional Analysis by Inspection
	4.4 Similitude
		4.4.1 Geometric Similarity
		4.4.2 Dynamic Similarity
		4.4.3 Modeling
	4.5 Correlation of Experimental Data
	4.6 Summary
	Internet Resources
	Problems
5 Flow in Closed Conduits
	5.1 Laminar and Turbulent Flows
	5.2 Effect of Viscosity
		5.2.1 Entrance Effects
	5.3 Pipe Dimensions and Specifications
	5.4 Equation of Motion
	5.5 Friction Factor and Pipe Roughness
	5.6 Simple Piping Systems
	5.7 Noncircular Ducts
		5.7.1 Flow through Noncircular Cross Sections
		5.7.2 Flow through an Annulus
		5.7.3 Miscellaneous Geometries
	5.8 Minor Losses
	5.9 Pipes in Parallel
	5.10 Pumps and Piping Systems
	5.11 Summary
	Internet Resources
	Problems
6 Flow over Immersed Bodies
	6.1 Flow Past a Flat Plate
		6.1.1 Boundary Layer Growth
		6.1.2 Separation
	6.2 Flow Past Various Two-Dimensional Bodies
	6.3 Flow Past Various Three-Dimensional Bodies
	6.4 Applications to Ground Vehicles
		6.4.1 Bicycle–Rider Combinations
		6.4.2 Automobiles
		6.4.3 Tractor–Trailer Trucks
	6.5 Lift on Airfoils
	6.6 Summary
	Internet Resources
	Problems
7 Flow in Open Channels
	7.1 Types of Open-Channel Flows
	7.2 Open-Channel Geometry Factors
	7.3 Energy Considerations in Open-Channel Flows
		7.3.1 Flow through a Venturi Flume
		7.3.2 Flow under a Sluice Gate
	7.4 Critical Flow Calculations
	7.5 Equations for Uniform Open-Channel Flows
		7.5.1 Laminar Open-Channel Flow
		7.5.2 Reynolds Number and Transition
		7.5.3 Turbulent Open-Channel Flow
	7.6 Hydraulically Optimum Cross Section
	7.7 Nonuniform Open-Channel Flow
		7.7.1 Gradually Varied Flow
		7.7.2 Rapidly Varied Flow
	7.8 Summary
	Internet Resources
	Problems
8 Compressible Flow
	8.1 Sonic Velocity and Mach Number
	8.2 Stagnation Properties and Isentropic Flow
	8.3 Flow through a Channel of Varying Area
	8.4 Normal Shock Waves
	8.5 Compressible Flow with Friction
	8.6 Compressible Flow with Heat Transfer
	8.7 Oblique Shock Waves
		8.7.1 Equations of Motion for a Straight Oblique Shock Wave
	8.8 Summary
	Internet Resources
	Problems
9 Turbomachinery
	9.1 Equations of Turbomachinery
	9.2 Axial-Flow Turbines
	9.3 Axial-Flow Compressors, Pumps, and Fans
	9.4 Radial-Flow Turbines
	9.5 Radial-Flow Compressors and Pumps
	9.6 Dimensional Analysis of Turbomachinery
	9.7 Performance Characteristics of Centrifugal Pumps
	9.8 Performance Characteristics of Hydraulic Turbines
	9.9 Impulse Turbine (Pelton Turbine)
	9.10 Summary
	Problems
10 Measurements in Fluid Mechanics
	10.1 Measurement of Viscosity
	10.2 Measurement of Static and Stagnation Pressures
	10.3 Measurement of Velocity
	10.4 Measurement of Flow Rates in Closed Conduits
	10.5 Measurements in Open-Channel Flows
	10.6 Summary
	Problems
11 The Navier–Stokes Equations
	11.1 Equations of Motion
	11.2 Applications to Laminar Flow
		11.2.1 Flow in a Circular Duct
		11.2.2 Flow down an Inclined Plane
		11.2.3 Flow through a Straight Channel
		11.2.4 Plane Couette Flow
		11.2.5 Flow between Two Rotating Concentric Cylinders
	11.3 Graphical Solution Methods for Unsteady Laminar Flow Problems
		11.3.1 Suddenly Accelerated Flat Plate
		11.3.2 Unsteady Plane Couette Flow
		11.3.3 Unsteady Flow between Concentric Circular Cylinders
		11.3.4 Unsteady Flow in a Plane Channel (Start-Up Flow)
	11.4 Introduction to Turbulent Flow
	11.5 Summary
	Problems
12 Inviscid Flow
	12.1 Equations of Two-Dimensional Inviscid Flows
		12.1.1 Continuity Equation
		12.1.2 Momentum Equation
	12.2 Stream Function and Velocity Potential
	12.3 Irrotational Flow
	12.4 Laplace’s Equation and Various Flow Fields
		12.4.1 Uniform Flow
		12.4.2 Source Flow
		12.4.3 Sink Flow
		12.4.4 Irrotational Vortex Flow
	12.5 Combined Flows and Superpositions
		12.5.1 Flow about a Half-Body
		12.5.2 Source and Sink of Equal Strengths
		12.5.3 Flow about a Doublet
		12.5.4 Flow about a Rankine Body
		12.5.5 Flow about a Circular Cylinder
		12.5.6 Flow about a Circular Cylinder with Circulation
	12.6 Inviscid Flow Past an Airfoil
	12.7 Summary
	Problems
13 Boundary-Layer Flow
	13.1 Laminar and Turbulent Boundary-Layer Flow
	13.2 Equations of Motion for the Boundary Layer
	13.3 Laminar Boundary-Layer Flow over a Flat Plate
	13.4 Momentum Integral Equation
	13.5 Momentum Integral Method for Laminar Flow over a Flat Plate
	13.6 Momentum Integral Method for Turbulent Flow over a Flat Plate
	13.7 Laminar and Turbulent Boundary-Layer Flow over a Flat Plate
	13.8 Summary
	Problems
Appendix A: Conversion Factors and Properties of Substances
Appendix B: Geometric Elements of Plane Areas
Appendix C: Pipe and Tube Specifications
Appendix D: Compressible Flow Tables
Appendix E: Miscellaneous
Bibliography
Index