دسترسی نامحدود
برای کاربرانی که ثبت نام کرده اند
برای ارتباط با ما می توانید از طریق شماره موبایل زیر از طریق تماس و پیامک با ما در ارتباط باشید
در صورت عدم پاسخ گویی از طریق پیامک با پشتیبان در ارتباط باشید
برای کاربرانی که ثبت نام کرده اند
درصورت عدم همخوانی توضیحات با کتاب
از ساعت 7 صبح تا 10 شب
دسته بندی: فیزیک حالت جامد ویرایش: نویسندگان: Vinod Wadhawan سری: ISBN (شابک) : 9781482283051, 1482283050 ناشر: CRC Press سال نشر: 2000 تعداد صفحات: 765 زبان: English فرمت فایل : PDF (درصورت درخواست کاربر به PDF، EPUB یا AZW3 تبدیل می شود) حجم فایل: 38 مگابایت
در صورت تبدیل فایل کتاب Introduction to Ferroic Materials به فرمت های PDF، EPUB، AZW3، MOBI و یا DJVU می توانید به پشتیبان اطلاع دهید تا فایل مورد نظر را تبدیل نمایند.
توجه داشته باشید کتاب مقدمه ای بر مواد فرویک نسخه زبان اصلی می باشد و کتاب ترجمه شده به فارسی نمی باشد. وبسایت اینترنشنال لایبرری ارائه دهنده کتاب های زبان اصلی می باشد و هیچ گونه کتاب ترجمه شده یا نوشته شده به فارسی را ارائه نمی دهد.
مواد فرویک نه تنها به دلیل درک بهتر از ماده متراکم، بلکه به دلیل کاربردهای فعلی و بالقوه آنها در دستگاه مهم هستند. این کتاب توصیفی یکپارچه از مواد فروئیک را در سطح مقدماتی ارائه میکند، با عامل وحدتبخش، وقوع انتقالهای فاز بدون اختلال در کریستالها که تقارن نقطه-گروه را تغییر میدهد. این کتاب همچنین با به کارگیری برخی از تعاریف و طرحهای طبقهبندی رسمی، با دقت بیان شده، قصد دارد موضوع مواد فروئیک را نظاممندتر کند. اصول فیزیکی اساسی که منجر به کاربردهای گسترده مواد فروئیک می شود نیز توضیح داده شده است، در حالی که تاکید بیشتری بر نقش سودمندی تقارن در علم مواد می باشد.
Ferroic materials are important, not only because of the improved understanding of condensed matter, but also because of their present and potential device applications. This book presents a unified description of ferroic materials at an introductory level, with the unifying factor being the occurrence of nondisruptive phase transitions in crystals that alter point-group symmetry. The book also aims to further systemitize the subject of ferroic materials, employing some formal, carefully worded, definitions and classification schemes. The basic physical principles leading to the wide-ranging applications of ferroic materials are also explained, while placing extra emphasis on the utilitarian role of symmetry in materials science.
Cover Half Title Title Page Copyright Page Contents Foreword Preface Part A: GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 OVERVIEW 1.2 HISTORICAL 1.2.1 Ferromagnetic Materials 1.2.2 Critical-Point Phenomena 1.2.3 Ferroelectric Materials 1.2.4 Ferroelastic Materials 1.2.5 Secondary and Higher-Order Ferroics 1.2.6 Ferrogyrotropic Materials 2 CRYSTALLOGRAPHY 2.1 GROWTH OF A CRYSTAL 2.1.1 Nucleation 2.1.2 The Cluster-to-Crystal Transition 2.1.3 Growth Mechanisms 2.1.4 Crystal Morphology 2.2 SYMMETRY OF A CRYSTAL 2.2.1 The Symmetry Group of a Crystal 2.2.2 Translational and Rotational Symmetry 2.2.3 Crystal Structure 2.2.4 Point Space 2.2.5 Symmetry Elements in a Crystal 2.2.6 Orbits; Stabilizers 2.2.7 Attributes of Space 2.2.8 Rational and Irrational Directions 2.2.9 The Crystallographic Restriction on Axes of Symmetry 2.2.10 Crystal Systems and Crystal Families 2.2.11 Primitive and Nonprimitive Bravais Lattices 2.2.12 Screw Axes and Glide Planes 2.2.13 Wigner-Seitz Cell 2.2.14 The Various Types of Unit Cells 2.2.15 Crystallographic Point Groups 2.2.16 Simple Forms 2.2.17 Crystallographic Space Groups 2.2.18 Magnetic Symmetry of Crystals 2.2.19 Limit Groups 2.2.20 Layer Groups and Rod Groups 2.2.21 Colour Symmetry 2.3 CRYSTAL SYMMETRY AND THE CURIE SHUBNIKOV PRINCIPLE 2.3.1 The Asymmetric Unit 2.3.2 Interplay between Dissymmetrization and Symmetrization 2.4 INCOMMENSURATELY MODULATED CRYSTALS 3 CRYSTAL PHYSICS 3.1 TENSOR PROPERTIES 3.1.1 Symmetrized and Alternated Tensors 3.1.2 Polar Tensors and Axial Tensors 3.1.3 Matter Tensors and Field tensors 3.1.4 Intrinsic Symmetry of Tensors; the Jahn Symbol 3.1.5 Extrinsic Symmetry of Tensors 3.1.6 Tensor Invariants 3.1.7 Equilibrium Properties and Transport Properties 3.1.8 i-Tensors and c-Tensors 3.1.9 Special Magnetic Properties 3.2 RESTRICTIONS IMPOSED BY CRYSTAL SYMMETRY ON TENSOR PROPERTIES 3.2.1 Neumann Theorem 3.2.2 Crystallographic System of Coordinates 3.2.3 Some Consequences of the Neumann Theorem 3.3 THE HERMANN THEOREM OF CRYSTAL PHYSICS 3.3.1 Cyclic Coordinates 3.3.2 Proof of the Hermann Theorem 3.3.3 Importance of the Hermann Theorem 3.4 REPRESENTATIONS OF CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC POINT GROUPS 3.5 EFFECT OF FIELDS ON TENSOR PROPERTIES 4 CRYSTALS AND THE WAVEVECTOR SPACE 4.1 DIFFRACTION BY A CRYSTAL. THE RECIPROCAL LATTICE 4.1.1 Diffraction by a General Distribution of Scatterers 4.1.2 Diffraction by a Crystal 4.1.3 The Reciprocal Lattice 4.1.4 The Brillouin Zone 4.1.5 Diffraction by an Incommensurately Modulated Crystal 4.2 REPRESENTATIONS OF CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC TRANSLATION GROUPS 4.3 THE GROUP OF THE WAVEVECTOR, AND ITS REPRESENTATIONS 4.4 REPRESENTATIONS OF SPACE GROUPS 5 PHASE TRANSITIONS IN CRYSTALS 5.1 PROTOTYPE SYMMETRY 5.1.1 Guymont\'s Nondisruption Condition 5.1.2 Parent-Clamping Approximation 5.1.3 Definition of Prototype Symmetry 5.2 A CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC CLASSIFICATION OF PHASE TRANSITIONS 5.2.1 Disruptive Phase Transitions 5.2.2 Nondisruptive Phase Transitions 5.3 EXTENDED LANDAU THEORY OF CONTINUOUS PHASE TRANSITIONS 5.3.1 Subgroup Criterion 5.3.2 Order Parameter 5.3.3 Isotropy Subgroups 5.3.4 Physically Irreducible Representations 5.3.5 Single-IR Criterion; Active IR 5.3.6 Subduction Criterion; Subduction Frequency 5.3.7 Chain Subduction Criterion 5.3.8 Landau Stability Condition 5.3.9 Lifshitz Homogeneity Condition 5.3.10 Maximality Conjecture 5.3.11 Tensor Field Criterion 5.3.12 The Landau Expansion 5.3.13 Stability Limit of a Phase 5.3.14 Tricritical Points 5.4 LATTICE DYNAMICS, SOFT MODES 5.4.1 Ferrodistortive Transitions 5.4.2 Antiferrodistortive Transitions 5.4.3 Displacive vs. Order-Disorder Type Phase Transitions 5.4.4 Overdamped and Under damped Soft Modes 5.4.5 Hard Modes and Saturation Temperature for the Order Parameter 5.5 CRITICAL-POINT PHENOMENA 5.5.1 Critical Fluctuations 5.5.2 Landau-Ginzburg Theory 5.5.3 Ginzburg Criterion 5.5.4 Critical Exponents 5.5.5 Upper and Lower Marginal Dimensionality 5.5.6 Models of Phase Transitions 5.5.7 Universality Classes and Scaling 5.5.8 Kadanoff Construction 5.5.9 Renormalization-Group Theory 5.6 SPONTANEOUS BREAKING OF SYMMETRY 5.6.1 Continuous Broken Symmetries; Goldstone Modes 5.6.2 Discrete Broken Symmetries 5.7 DISCONTINUOUS PHASE TRANSITIONS 5.7.1 Nondisruptive Discontinuous Transitions 5.7.2 Disruptive Discontinuous Transitions 5.8 TRANSITIONS TO AN INCOMMENSURATE PHASE 5.9 INFLUENCE OF IMPURITIES ON STRUCTURAL PHASE TRANSITIONS 6 CLASSIFICATION OF FERROIC MATERIALS. FERROGYROTROPY 6.1 FERROIC SPECIES 6.1.1 Aizu Symbol for Ferroic Species 6.1.2 Orientation States 6.1.3 F-Operations 6.2 MACROSCOPIC CLASSIFICATION OF FERROIC MATERIALS 6.2.1 Thermodynamic Considerations 6.2.2 Tensor Classification of Ferroics 6.3 FERROGYROTROPY 6.3.1 The Optical Gyration Tensor 6.3.2 The Hermann Theorem and Optical Gyration 6.3.3 Optical Ferrogyrotropy as an Implicit Form of Ferroicity 6.3.4 Optical Ferrogyrotropy vs. Ferroelasticity 6.3.5 Partial Ferrogyrotropics 6.3.6 The Acoustical Gyration Tensor 6.3.7 Ferroacoustogyrotropy 6.3.8 Acoustical Ferrogyrotropy as an Implicit Form of Ferroicity 7 DOMAINS 7.1 SOME SYMMETRY ASPECTS OF DOMAIN STRUCTURE 7.1.1 Derivative Structures and Domain States 7.1.2 Domain Pairs 7.1.3 Single-Domain States 7.1.4 Disorientations 7.1.5 Antiphase Domains 7.1.6 Orientational Twins 7.1.7 Rotational Domains 7.1.8 Domain Structure and the Curie Principle 7.1.9 Symmetry of Single-Domain States 7.1.10 Enumeration of Single-Domain States 7.1.11 Symmetry-Labeling of Domain States and Domain Walls 7.2 TWINNING 7.2.1 Definition of Twinning 7.2.2 Transformation Twins 7.2.3 Growth Twins 7.2.4 Mechanical Twins 7.2.5 Friedel\'s Four Twin Types 7.2.6 Manifestation of Twin Type in the Diffraction Pattern 7.2.7 Hypertwins 7.2.8 Hermann\'s Space-Group Decomposition Theorem 7.3 BICRYSTALLOGRAPHY 7.3.1 General Methodology 7.3.2 Dichromatic Pattern 7.3.3 Coincidence Lattice 7.3.4 Dichromatic Complex 7.3.5 Unrelaxed or Ideal Bicrystal 7.3.6 Relaxed Bicrystal 7.3.7 The Six Bicrystal Systems 7.3.8 Bicrystallographic Variants 7.4 A TENSOR CLASSIFICATION OF TWINNING 7.4.1 S-TWINS 7.4.2 N-Twins 7.4.3 B-Twins 7.4.4 T-Twins 7.4.5 A Symbol for Twinning 7.5 THE GROUP-TREE FORMALISM 8 DOMAIN WALLS 8.1 ORIENTATIONAL DEPENDENCE OF PROPERTIES OF INTERFACES 8.1.1 Morphology of Crystals Grown from Crystalline Matrices 8.1.2 Homophase Interfaces 8.1.3 Symmetry-Dictated Extrema 8.2 STRUCTURAL EXTENDED DEFECTS 8.2.1 Aristotype and Hettotype Structures 8.2.2 Antiphase Boundaries 8.2.3 Stacking Faults 8.2.4 General Twin Walls 8.2.5 Grain Boundaries 8.3 COMPOSITIONAL EXTENDED DEFECTS 8.3.1 Crystallographic Shear Planes 8.3.2 Irrational Shear Planes 8.3.3 Chemical Twin Planes 8.4 ATOMIC DISPLACEMENTS UNDERLYING THE MOVEMENT OF DOMAIN WALLS 8.5 DOMAIN STRUCTURE OF INCOMMENSURATE PHASES Part B: CLASSES OF FERROICS, MICROSTRUCTURE, NANOSTRUCTURE, APPLICATIONS 9 FERROMAGNETIC CRYSTALS 9.1 SOME MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF ORDERED CRYSTALS 9.1.1 Magnetic Moment and Exchange Interaction 9.1.2 Magnetic Ions in Solids 9.1.3 Coupling Between Magnetic Moments 9.1.4 Diamagnetism and Paramagnetism 9.1.5 Ferromagnetism, Antiferromagnetism, and Ferrimagnetism 9.1.6 Molecular Ferromagnets 9.1.7 Metamagnetism and Incipient Ferromagnetism 9.1.8 Helimagnetism 9.2 SPIN GLASSES AND CLUSTER GLASSES 9.2.1 Giant-Moment Ferromagnetism 9.2.2 Characteristics of Spin Glasses 9.2.3 The Glassy Phase and the Glass Transition 9.2.4 Two-Level Model for Tunneling or Thermal Hopping in Glasses 9.2.5 Broken Ergodicity 9.2.6 Frustration 9.2.7 Edwards Anderson Model and Sherrington Kirkpatrick Model 9.2.8 Breaking of Replica Permutation Symmetry 9.2.9 Thouless-Anderson-Palmer Theory 9.2.10 Cluster Glasses, Mictomagnets, Superparamagnets 9.2.11 Percolation-Related Magnetic Order 9.2.12 Speromagnets and Sperimagnets 9.2.13 Nonexponential Relaxation in Materials 9.3 FERROMAGNETIC PHASE TRANSITIONS 9.3.1 Prototype Symmetry for a Ferromagnetic Transition 9.3.2 Ferromagnetic Species of Crystals 9.3.3 Proper Ferromagnetic Transitions and Critical Phenomena 9.3.4 Colour Symmetry and the Landau Potential 9.3.5 Incommensurate Ferromagnetic Transitions 9.4 DOMAIN STRUCTURE OF FERROMAGNETIC CRYSTALS 9.4.1 The Various Contributions to the Internal Energy 9.4.2 Orientations of Walls between Ferromagnetic Domain Pairs 9.4.3 Thickness of Walls Separating Ferromagnetic Domain Pairs 9.4.4 The Ferromagnetic Hysteresis Loop 9.5 DYNAMICS OF FERROMAGNETIC BEHAVIOUR 10 FERROELECTRIC CRYSTALS 10.1 SOME DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES OF ORDERED CRYSTALS 10.1.1 Polarization 10.1.2 Pyroelectric Effect 10.1.3 Effect of Static Electric Field 10.1.4 Thermodynamics and Symmetry of Dielectric Properties 10.1.5 A Crystallophysical Perspective for Ferroelectrics 10.1.6 Dielectric Response and Relaxation 10.1.7 Absolute and Relative Spontaneous Polarization 10.2 STRUCTURAL CLASSIFICATION OF FERROELECTRICS 10.2.1 Hydrogen-Bonded Ferroelectrics 10.2.2 Non-Hydrogen-Bonded Ferroelectrics 10.3 FERROELECTRIC PHASE TRANSITIONS 10.3.1 Proper Ferroelectric Phase Transitions 10.3.2 Improper or Faint Ferroelectric Phase Transitions 10.3.3 Pseudoproper Ferroelectric Phase Transitions 10.3.4 Ferroelectric Diffuse Transitions 10.4 DIPOLAR GLASSES. RELAXOR FERROELECTRICS 10.4.1 Classes of Glassy, Compositionally Modified, Ferroelectrics with Perovskite Type Structure 10.4.2 Salient Features of Ferroelectric Crystals with a Dipolar-Glass Transition 10.4.3 Spin Glasses vs. Dipolar Glasses 10.4.4 Dipolar-Glass Transitions vs. Ferroelectric Phase Transitions 10.4.5 Relaxor Ferroelectrics 10.4.6 Field-Induced Phase Transitions in Relaxor Ferroelectrics 10.5 QUANTUM FERROELECTRICS 10.5.1 Displacive Limit of a Structural Phase Transition 10.5.2 Modern Approach to Quantum Ferroelectrics 10.5.3 Strontium Calcium Titanate 10.5.4 Potassium Tantalate Niobate 10.5.5 Potassium Dihydrogen Phosphate 10.6 DOMAIN STRUCTURE OF FERROELECTRIC CRYSTALS 10.6.1 Domains in a Ferroelectric Crystal 10.6.2 Orientation of Walls Between Ferroelectric Domain Pairs 10.6.3 Thickness of Walls Between Ferroelectric Domain Pairs 10.7 FERROELECTRIC DOMAIN SWITCHING 10.7.1 Kinetics of Domain Switching in Ferroelectrics 10.7.2 The Ferroelectric Hysteresis Loop 11 FERROELASTIC CRYSTALS 11.1 SOME ELASTIC PROPERTIES OF ORDERED CRYSTALS 11.1.1 Strain, Stress, Compliance 11.1.2 Absolute Spontaneous Strain 11.1.3 Relative Spontaneous Strain 11.1.4 Anelasticity 11.2 STRUCTURAL CLASSIFICATION OF FERROELASTICS 11.3 FERROELASTIC PHASE TRANSITIONS 11.3.1 True-Proper and Pseudoproper Ferroelastic Phase Transitions 11.3.2 Improper Ferroelastic Phase Transitions 11.4 QUADRUPOLAR GLASSES 11.5 MARTENSITIC PHASE TRANSITIONS 11.5.1 General Features 11.5.2 Pseudoelasticity and Pseudoplasticity 11.5.3 Crystallographic Reversibility of a Phase Transition 11.5.4 Shape-Memory Effect 11.5.5 Falk\'s Universal Model for Shape-Memory Alloys 11.6 DOMAIN STRUCTURE OF FERROELASTIC CRYSTALS 11.6.1 Domains in Ferroelastic Crystals 11.6.2 Suborientation States 11.6.3 Double Ferroelasticity 11.6.4 Orientation of Walls Between Ferroelastic Domain Pairs 11.6.5 Phase Boundaries and Poly domain Phases in Ferroelastics 11.6.6 Some Further Aspects of the Effect of Long Ranged Elastic Interaction on Domain Structure 11.6.7 Ferrielastics and Their Domain Structure 11.7 FERROELASTIC DOMAIN SWITCHING 11.7.1 The Optimum Switching Configuration 11.7.2 Plasticity Related to Ferroelastic Domain Switching 11.7.3 Mobility and Thickness of Domain Boundaries in Ferroelastics 11.7.4 The Ferroelastic Hysteresis Loop 12 SECONDARY AND HIGHER-ORDER FERROICS 12.1 SECONDARY AND HIGHER ORDER FERROIC PHASE TRANSITIONS 12.2 FERROBIELECTRICS AND FERROBIMAGNETICS 12.3 FERROBIELASTICS 12.4 FERROELASTOELECTRICS 12.5 FERROMAGNETOELASTICS 12.6 FERROMAGNETOELECTRICS 12.7 TERTIARY FERROICS 13 POLYCRYSTAL FERROICS AND COMPOSITE FERROICS 13.1 SIZE EFFECTS IN FERROIC MATERIALS 13.1.1 General Considerations 13.1.2 Size Effects in Ferromagnetic Powders 13.1.3 Size Effects in Ferroelectric Powders 13.1.4 Size Effects in Ferroelastic Powders 13.2 POLYCRYSTAL FERROICS 13.2.1 Polycrystal Ferromagnetics 13.2.2 Polycrystal Ferroelectrics 13.2.3 Polycrystal Ferroelastics 13.3 COMPOSITES WITH AT LEAST ONE FERROIC CONSTITUENT 13.3.1 General Considerations 13.3.2 Sum, Combination, and Product Properties of Composites 13.3.3 Symmetry of Composites 13.3.4 Connectivity of Composites 13.3.5 Transitions in Composites 13.3.6 Ferroic Nanocomposites 14 APPLICATIONS OF FERROIC MATERIALS 14.1 SALIENT FEATURES OF FERROIC MATERIALS 14.1.1 Existence of the Ferroic Orientation State 14.1.2 Mobility of Domain Boundaries and Phase Boundaries 14.1.3 Enhancement of Certain Macroscopic Properties Near a Ferroic Phase Transition 14.1.4 A Comparative Analysis of the Properties of Ferroic Materials 14.2 APPLICATIONS 14.2.1 Applications Related to the Existence of the Ferroic Orientation State 14.2.2 Applications Exploiting the Mobility of Domain Boundaries and Phase Boundaries 14.2.3 Applications Using Enhanced Macroscopic Properties near the Ferroic Phase Transition 14.2.4 Applications Involving Field-Induced Phase Transitions 14.2.5 Applications Involving Transport Properties 14.3 FERROIC MATERIALS IN SMART STRUCTURES 14.3.1 Smart Systems, Structures, and Materials 14.3.2 Passively Smart Structures 14.3.3 Actively Smart Structures 14.3.4 Tuning of Properties of Ferroics by External Fields 14.3.5 Applications of Ferroic Materials in Smart Structures 15 EPILOGUE APPENDICES APPENDIX A: SET THEORY APPENDIX B: GROUP THEORY B.1 ABSTRACT GROUP THEORY B.2 LINEAR SPACES AND OPERATORS B.3 REPRESENTATIONS OF FINITE GROUPS B.4 SOME CONTINUOUS GROUPS APPENDIX C: THE CURIE SHUBNIKOV PRINCIPLE C.1 THE CURIE PRINCIPLE. DISSYMMETRIZATION C.2 THE CURIE SHUBNIKOV PRINCIPLE. SYMMETRIZATION C.3 LATENT SYMMETRY APPENDIX D: THE FOURIER TRANSFORM APPENDIX E: THERMODYNAMICS AND STATISTICAL MECHANICS E.1 THERMODYNAMICS E.1.1 Thermodynamic Potentials E.1.2 Homogeneous Functions E.2 EQUILIBRIUM STATISTICAL MECHANICS E.2.1 Microcanonical Ensemble E.2.2 Canonical Ensemble E.2.3 Partition Function E.2.4 Quantum Statistical Mechanics E.2.5 Fluctuations E.2.6 Correlation Functions E.3 NONEQUILIBRIUM STATISTICAL MECHANICS E.3.1 Linear Response Theory E.3.2 Time Correlation Functions E.3.3 Fluctuation Dissipation Theorem E.3.4 Response Function E.3.5 Relaxation E.3.6 Generalized Susceptibility References Cited Author Index Subject Index