Introduction to Environmental Management

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Table of Contents
Preface
Acknowledgment
Authors
PART I: Overview
	Chapter 1 Introduction to Environmental Issues
		1.1 Introduction
		1.2 Part I
		1.3 Part II
		1.4 Part III
		1.5 Part IV
		1.6 Part V
		1.7 Part VI
		1.8 Part VII
		1.9 Part VIII
	Chapter 2 Environmental Regulations
		2.1 Introduction
		2.2 Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
		2.3 Major Toxic Chemical Laws Administered by the EPA
		2.4 Water Quality Legislation and Regulations
			2.4.1 Federal Water Pollution Control Act
			2.4.2 Source-Based Effluent Limitations
			2.4.3 Clean Water Act (CWA) of 1977
			2.4.4 Control of Toxic Pollutants
			2.4.5 1987 CWA Amendments
			2.4.6 Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL)
			2.4.7 Water Quality Trading
			2.4.8 Bioterrorism Act of 2003
			2.4.9 Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA)
			2.4.10 Marine Protection, Research, And Sanctuaries Act (Title I)
			2.4.11 Grants
		2.5 The Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986
			2.5.1 Major Provisions of Title III of SARA (also known as Emergency Planning and Community Right-To-Know Act or EPCRA)
		2.6 The Clean Air Act (CAA)
			2.6.1 Provisions for Attainment and Maintenance of National Ambient Air Quality Standards
			2.6.2 Provisions Relating to Mobile Sources
			2.6.3 Air Toxics
			2.6.4 Acid Deposition Control
			2.6.5 Operating Permits
			2.6.6 Stratospheric Ozone Protection
		2.7 Occupational Safety and Health Act
		2.8 U.S. EPA’s Risk Management Program
		2.9 The Pollution Prevention Act of 1990
		2.10 Future Trends
		References
	Chapter 3 International Environmental Regulations
		3.1 Introduction
		3.2 Earlier Environmental Regulatory Concerns
		3.3 The Greenhouse Effect
		3.4 Ozone Depletion in the Stratosphere
		3.5 Acid Rain
			3.5.1 Europe
			3.5.2 North America
		3.6 International Activities
			3.6.1 The European Union (EU) Chemical Management Framework
			3.6.2 China
			3.6.3 Korea
			3.6.4 Taiwan
			3.6.5 Thailand
			3.6.6 Vietnam
			3.6.7 Indonesia
		3.7 Future Trends
		References
	Chapter 4 ISO 14000
		4.1 Introduction
		4.2 How the Standards Are Developed
		4.3 Development of Environmental Standards
		4.4 The ISO 14000 Standards
		4.5 Implementing ISO 14000
		4.6 Maintaining an ISO 14000 Environmental Management System
		4.7 Comparison between ISO 9000 and ISO 14000 Series Standards
		4.8 The ISO 14001: 2004 Edition
		References
	Chapter 5 Multimedia Concerns
		5.1 Introduction
		5.2 Historical Perspective
		5.3 Environmental Problems
		5.4 Multimedia Approach
		5.5 Multimedia Application
		5.6 Education and Training
		References
	Chapter 6 Classification and Sources of Pollutants
		6.1 Introduction
		6.2 Air Pollutants
			6.2.1 Ozone and Carbon Monoxide
			6.2.2 Airborne Particulates
			6.2.3 Airborne Toxics
			6.2.4 Sulfur Dioxide
			6.2.5 Acid Deposition
		6.3 Indoor Air Pollutants
			6.3.1 Radon
			6.3.2 Environmental Tobacco Smoke
			6.3.3 Asbestos
			6.3.4 Formaldehyde and Other Volatile Organic Compounds
			6.3.5 Pesticides
		6.4 Water Pollutants
			6.4.1 Drinking Water Pollutants
			6.4.2 Critical Aquatic Habitat Pollutants
			6.4.3 Surface Water Pollutants
		6.5 Land Pollutants
			6.5.1 Industrial Hazardous Wastes
			6.5.2 Municipal Wastes
			6.5.3 Mining Wastes
			6.5.4 Radioactive Wastes
			6.5.5 Pollutants from Underground Storage Tanks
		6.6 Hazardous Pollutants
		6.7 Toxic Pollutants
		References
	Chapter 7 Effects of Pollutants
		7.1 Introduction
		7.2 Air Pollution
			7.2.1 Humans
			7.2.2 Plants
			7.2.3 Animals
			7.2.4 Materials of Construction
		7.3 Water Pollution
			7.3.1 Drinking Water
			7.3.2 Critical Aquatic Habitats
			7.3.3 Surface Waters
			7.3.4 Humans
			7.3.5 Plants
			7.3.6 Animals
			7.3.7 Global Water Health Issues
		7.4 Land Pollution
			7.4.1 Humans
			7.4.2 Plants
			7.4.3 Animals
		References
	Chapter 8 Measurement Methods
		8.1 Introduction
		8.2 Water Source Sampling
		8.3 Water Sampling Guidelines
			8.3.1 Grab Sampling
			8.3.2 Composite Sampling
			8.3.3 Continuous Sampling
			8.3.4 Groundwater Monitoring Wells
			8.3.5 Sample Documentation and Handling
		8.4 Gaseous Source Sampling
		8.5 Gaseous Sampling Guidelines
		8.6 Properties of Solid Waste
			8.6.1 Physical Composition
			8.6.2 Chemical Composition
		8.7 Soil Sampling Methods
			8.7.1 Manual Soil Sampling
			8.7.2 Direct Push Soil Sampling
			8.7.3 Split Spoon/Drill Rig Sampling
			8.7.4 Shelby Tube/Thin-Walled Sampling
			8.7.5 Backhoe Sampling
		8.8 Sampling Statistical Analysis
		References
PART II: Air
	Chapter 9 Air Pollution Control Equipment
		9.1 Introduction
		9.2 Air Pollution Control Equipment for Particulates
			9.2.1 Gravity Settlers
			9.2.2 Cyclones
			9.2.3 Electrostatic Precipitators
			9.2.4 Scrubbers
			9.2.5 Baghouses
		9.3 Air Pollution Control Equipment for Gaseous Pollutants
			9.3.1 Absorbers
			9.3.2 Adsorbers
			9.3.3 Combustion Units
			9.3.4 Condensers
			9.3.5 Catalytic and Non-Catalytic Reduction
		9.4 Hybrid Systems
			9.4.1 Ionizing Wet Scrubbers
			9.4.2 Dry Scrubbers
		9.5 Factors in Control Equipment Selection
		9.6 Comparing Control Equipment Alternatives
		9.7 Future Trends
		References
	Chapter 10 Atmospheric Dispersion Modeling
		10.1 Introduction
		10.2 Nature of Dispersion
		10.3 Meteorological Concerns
		10.4 Plume Rise
		10.5 Effective Stack Height
		10.6 Atmospheric Dispersion Models
		10.7 Stack Design
		References
	Chapter 11 Climate Change and Global Warming
		11.1 Introduction
		11.2 Global Carbon Cycle
		11.3 Carbon Dioxide Removal Technologies
		11.4 Other Greenhouse Gases
		11.5 Kyoto Protocol
		11.6 The Early Greenhouse Debate
		11.7 Effects of Global Warming
		11.8 Future Trends
		11.9 Final Thoughts (of one of the authors)
		References
	Chapter 12 Indoor Air Quality
		12.1 Introduction
		12.2 Radon
		12.3 Formaldehyde
		12.4 Volatile Organic Compounds
		12.5 Combustion Gases
		12.6 Particulates
		12.7 Biological Contaminants
		12.8 Monitoring Methods
		References
	Chapter 13 Vapor Intrusion
		13.1 Introduction
		13.2 Health Concerns
		13.3 Property Environmental Due Diligence
		13.4 Control Options
		13.5 EPA, State, and ASTM VI Activity
		13.6 ASTM Task Group
		13.7 Future Trends
		References
	Chapter 14 Air Toxics
		14.1 Introduction
		14.2 Classification of Air Toxics
		14.3 Causes of Toxic Air Pollution
		14.4 Impacts of Toxic Air Pollution
		14.5 Response to Toxic Exposure
		14.6 Future Trends
		References
PART III: Water
	Chapter 15 Water Chemistry
		15.1 Introduction
		15.2 Physical Properties of Water
		15.3 Chemical Properties of Water
		15.4 Chemical Composition of Natural Waters
			15.4.1 Dissolved Minerals
			15.4.2 Dissolved Gases
			15.4.3 Heavy Metals
			15.4.4 Organic Constituents
			15.4.5 Nutrients
		15.5 Chemical Reactions
		References
	Chapter 16 Safe Drinking Water
		16.1 Introduction
		16.2 The Hydrologic Cycle
		16.3 Water Usage
		16.4 The Safe Drinking Water Act
		16.5 Drinking Water Standards
			16.5.1 National Primary Drinking Water Regulations
			16.5.2 National Secondary Drinking Water Regulations
		16.6 Clean Water Act
		16.7 Water Security
		References
	Chapter 17 Desalination
		17.1 Introduction
		17.2 Introduction to Desalination
		17.3 Traditional Seawater Desalination Processes
			17.3.1 Evaporation Processes
			17.3.2 Reverse Osmosis
			17.3.3 Crystallization Processes
		17.4 New Options for Water Desalination
			17.4.1 The GADUTH Solar Evaporation Process
			17.4.2 The GAniaris Crystallization Process
			17.4.3 The GADUTH Greenhouse Solar Evaporator
			17.4.4 The Theodore Simple Still
			17.4.5 The GADUTH Dewdrop Process
			17.4.6 The Heat Conduit Evaporator Process
			17.4.7 The Geothermal Evaporator Process
			17.4.8 The GADUTH Freeze Desalination Process
			17.4.9 The GADUTH Mangrove Process
			17.4.10 The Theodore HUMidification Process
			17.4.11 Reverse Osmosis and Crystallization Hybrid (ROACH) Desalination Process
		17.5 Future Prospects
		References
	Chapter 18 Municipal Wastewater Management
		18.1 Introduction
		18.2 Regulations
		18.3 Characteristics of Municipal Wastewater
			18.3.1 Physical Quality
			18.3.2 Chemical Quality
			18.3.3 Biological Quality
		18.4 Wastewater Treatment Processes
		18.5 Sludge Characteristics
		18.6 Advanced Wastewater Treatment
		18.7 Wastewater Plant Design Considerations
		18.8 Future Trends
		References
	Chapter 19 Industrial Wastewater Management
		19.1 Introduction
		19.2 Sources of Industrial Wastewater Pollution
		19.3 Industrial Wastewater Characterization
		19.4 Nonpoint Source Water Pollution
		19.5 Wastewater Treatment Technologies
		19.6 Solids Management
		19.7 Future Trends
		References
	Chapter 20 Dispersion Modeling in Water Systems
		20.1 Introduction
		20.2 Mathematical Models
		20.3 Microorganisms
		20.4 Dissolved Oxygen
		20.5 Eutrophication
		20.6 Toxic Substances
		References
	Chapter 21 Water Conservation
		21.1 Introduction
		21.2 The International Conference on Water and the Environment
		21.3 General Conservation Practices
		21.4 Wastewater Reuse Options
		21.5 Water Recycling
		21.6 Treated Effluent Management
			21.6.1 In-Plant Wastewater Segregation
			21.6.2 Stormwater Management
			21.6.3 Effluent Disposal
		References
	Chapter 22 Water Toxics
		22.1 Introduction
		22.2 Toxic-Related Terms
		22.3 Major Toxic Chemical Laws Administered by the EPA
		22.4 Drinking Water Standards and Regulations
		22.5 Unregulated Contaminants
		22.6 Regulated Chemicals Reference
		22.7 Priority Water Pollutants
		References
PART IV: Solid Waste
	Chapter 23 Municipal Waste Management
		23.1 Introduction
		23.2 Regulations
		23.3 Source Reduction and Recycle/Reuse
		23.4 Incineration
		23.5 Landfilling
			23.5.1 Location
			23.5.2 Operation
			23.5.3 Design
			23.5.4 Groundwater Monitoring and Corrective Action
			23.5.5 Closure and Post Closure Care
			23.5.6 Financial Assurance
		23.6 Future Trends
		References
	Chapter 24 Industrial Waste Management
		24.1 Introduction
		24.2 Food Processing
		24.3 Cannery Wastes
		24.4 Dairy Wastes
		24.5 Fermentation and Pharmaceutical Industries
		24.6 Meat Industry
		24.7 Textile Industry
		24.8 Future Trends
		References
	Chapter 25 Hospital Waste Management
		25.1 Introduction
		25.2 Medical Waste Regulations and Definitions
		25.3 Waste Storage and Handling
		25.4 Waste Processing and Disposal
		25.5 Waste Management Programs
		25.6 Infectious Waste Management Programs
		25.7 Future Trends
		References
	Chapter 26 Nuclear Waste Management
		26.1 Introduction
		26.2 Current Status of Nuclear Waste Management
		26.3 Ramifications of Nuclear Accidents
			26.3.1 Biological Effects of Radiation
			26.3.2 Radioactive Transformations
			26.3.3 Dose–Response
		26.4 Sources of Nuclear Waste
			26.4.1 Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials
			26.4.2 Low-Level Radioactive Waste
			26.4.3 High-Level Radioactive Waste
			26.4.4 Transuranic Waste
		26.5 Radioactive Waste Treatment and Disposal
		26.6 Future Trends
		References
	Chapter 27 Superfund
		27.1 Introduction
		27.2 The Funding of Superfund and Legal Considerations
		27.3 Ranking of Hazardous Waste Sites
		27.4 The Cleanup Process
		27.5 The Role of the Private Sector
		27.6 Progress to Date
		27.7 Future Trends
		References
	Chapter 28 Asbestos
		28.1 Introduction
		28.2 Regulatory Concerns
		28.3 Sources
		28.4 Health Concerns
		28.5 Control Measures
		28.6 Future Trends
		References
	Chapter 29 Metals
		29.1 Introduction
		29.2 Lead
		29.3 Mercury
		29.4 Mercury Removal from Coal-Fired Power Plants
		29.5 Cadmium
		29.6 Arsenic
		29.7 Future Trends
		References
PART V: Pollution Prevention
	Chapter 30 The Pollution Prevention Concept
		30.1 Introduction
		30.2 Pollution Prevention Hierarchy
		30.3 Multimedia Analysis and Life Cycle Cost Analysis
			30.3.1 Multimedia Analysis
			30.3.2 Life Cycle Analysis
		30.4 Pollution Prevention Assessment Procedures
			30.4.1 Planning and Organization
			30.4.2 Assessment Phase
			30.4.3 Feasibility Analysis
			30.4.4 Implementation
		30.5 Sources of Information
			30.5.1 Industry Programs
		30.6 Future Trends
		References
	Chapter 31 Pollution Prevention Applications
		31.1 Introduction
		31.2 Barriers to Pollution Prevention
		31.3 Pollution Prevention Advantages
		31.4 Economic Considerations Associated with Pollution Prevention Programs
		31.5 Future Trends
		References
	Chapter 32 Sustainability
		32.1 Introduction
		32.2 Historical Perspective
		32.3 Resource Limitations
		32.4 Sustainable Development Considerations
		32.5 Sustainable Design Considerations
		32.6 Economic Factors
		32.7 Benchmarking Sustainability
		32.8 Resources for Sustainability
		32.9 Future Trends
		References
	Chapter 33 Green Chemistry and Green Engineering
		33.1 Introduction
		33.2 Green Chemistry
			33.2.1 Green Chemistry Research Needs
		33.3 Green Engineering
		33.4 Green Chemistry versus Green Engineering
		33.5 Sustainability at the Domestic Level
		33.6 Additional Resources
		33.7 Future Trends
		References
	Chapter 34 Industrial Ecology
		34.1 Introduction
		34.2 Industrial Ecology Definitions
		34.3 The History and Development of the Industrial Ecology Approach
			34.3.1 Belgium
			34.3.2 Japan
			34.3.3 Recent History
		34.4 Concepts of Industrial Ecology
			34.4.1 Sustainable Systems and Systems Analysis
			34.4.2 Material Flows and Transformations
			34.4.3 Natural Ecosystems
		34.5 Tools of Industrial Ecology
			34.5.1 Life Cycle Assessment
			34.5.2 Life Cycle and Design for the Environment
			34.5.3 Green Chemistry and Green Engineering
		34.6 The Future of Industrial Ecology
		References
	Chapter 35 Architecture in the Environment
		35.1 Introduction
		35.2 Historical Concerns
		35.3 The Current Debate
		35.4 Siting
		35.5 Design
		35.6 Materials
		35.7 Building Systems and Equipment
		35.8 Construction
		35.9 Future Trends
		References
PART VI: Environmental Risk
	Chapter 36 Introduction to Environmental Risk Assessment
		36.1 Introduction
		36.2 Risk Variables
		36.3 Exposure Concerns
		36.4 Why Use Risk-Based Decision Making?
		36.5 The Risk-Based Corrective Action Approach
		36.6 Communicating Risk
		36.7 Future Trends
		References
	Chapter 37 Health Risk Assessment
		37.1 Introduction
		37.2 The Health Risk Evaluation Process
		37.3 Health Problem Identification
		37.4 Dose–Response
		37.5 Exposure Assessment
		37.6 Risk Characterization
		37.7 Future Trends
		References
	Chapter 38 Hazard Risk Assessment
		38.1 Introduction
		38.2 Emergency Planning and Response
		38.3 Regulations
		38.4 Training
		38.5 Risk Evaluation Process for Accidents
		38.6 Hazard Identification
		38.7 Causes of Accidents
		38.8 Consequences of Accidents
			38.8.1 Cause–Consequence Analysis
		38.9 Advances in Safety Features
		38.10 Future Trends
		References
	Chapter 39 Non-Technical Risk
		39.1 Introduction
		39.2 NTR Solutions
		39.3 Risk Uncertainties/Limitations
		39.4 Uncertainty and Variability
		39.5 Assessment and Presentation of Uncertainty
		References
	Chapter 40 Public Perception of Risk
		40.1 Introduction
		40.2 Everyday Risks
		40.3 Environmental Risks
		40.4 Outrage Factors
		40.5 Future Trends
		References
	Chapter 41 Risk Communication
		41.1 Introduction
		41.2 Seven Cardinal Rules of Risk Communication
		41.3 Communicating Risk to the Public: Getting the Message Across
			41.3.1 Emergency Response
			41.3.2 Remediation
			41.3.3 Facility Siting
			41.3.4 Ongoing Plant Operations
		41.4 Specific Methods of Communicating Risk
		41.5 The Citizen’s Role in Environmental Enforcement
		41.6 Accessibility in Environmental Communication
		41.7 Future Trends
		References
PART VII: Energy Considerations
	Chapter 42 Energy Resources
		42.1 Introduction
		42.2 Coal
		42.3 Oil
		42.4 Natural Gas
		42.5 Shale Oil and Tar Sands
			42.5.1 Shale Oil
			42.5.2 Tar Sands
		42.6 Other Energy Sources
			42.6.1 Solar Energy
			42.6.2 Nuclear Energy
			42.6.3 Geothermal Energy
		42.7 Future Potential Energy Sources
		References
	Chapter 43 Energy Conservation
		43.1 Introduction
		43.2 Environmental Concerns
		43.3 Defining Terms
		43.4 Conservation of Energy
		43.5 Energy Balances
		43.6 Future Trends
		References
	Chapter 44 Energy Conservation Applications
		44.1 Introduction
		44.2 Environmental Implications of Alternate Energy Sources
		44.3 Equipment Applications
			44.3.1 Heat Exchangers
			44.3.2 Ovens and Furnaces
			44.3.3 Insulation
			44.3.4 Boilers
			44.3.5 Chillers and Cooling Towers
			44.3.6 Compressed Air Systems
			44.3.7 Lighting
			44.3.8 Motors and Drives
			44.3.9 Power Factor Issues
		44.4 Plant Applications
		44.5 Process/Operations Applications
		44.6 Applications at Home
		44.7 Future Trends
		References
	Chapter 45 Heat Transfer and Heat Exchanger Principles
		45.1 Introduction
		45.2 Heat Exchanger Equipment Classification
		45.3 Double-Pipe Heat Exchangers
		45.4 Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchangers
		45.5 Extended Surface/Finned Heat Exchangers
		45.6 Key Heat Transfer Principles
		45.7 Heat Exchanger Design Considerations
		References
	Chapter 46 Thermodynamics: Energy, Entropy, and Exergy
		46.1 Introduction
		46.2 The First and Second Laws of Thermodynamics
		46.3 Energy Transformations
		46.4 Heat, Work, and the “Quality” of Energy
		46.5 Exergy
		46.6 Energy Efficiency, Exergy, and Environmental Impact
			46.6.1 Order Destruction (i.e., Chaos Creation)
			46.6.2 Resource Degradation
			46.6.3 Waste Exergy Emissions
		References
	Chapter 47 Energy–Environmental Interactions
		47.1 Introduction
		47.2 U.S. Energy–Environmental Policy Issues
		47.3 General Overview/Comments
		47.4 Net Energy Concepts
		47.5 Interaction with Other Goals
		47.6 Environmental Concerns: A Technological Mandate
		47.7 Individual State Energy Policies
		47.8 Global Energy Policies
		47.9 Future Trends
		References
PART VIII: Other Areas of Interest
	Chapter 48 The EPA Dilemma
		48.1 Introduction
		48.2 Early History of the EPA
		48.3 Is the EPA Cost Effective?
		48.4 Are EPA’s Decisions Justified and Consistent?
		48.5 Can the EPA Be Eliminated?
		48.6 Future Trends
		References
	Chapter 49 Electromagnetic Fields
		49.1 Introduction
		49.2 Exposure Comments
		49.3 Health Effects
		49.4 Management/Control Procedures
		49.5 New Wireless Technologies
		49.6 Future Trends
		References
	Chapter 50 Noise Pollution
		50.1 Introduction
		50.2 Noise Legislation
		50.3 Effects of Noise
		50.4 Sources of Noise
		50.5 Noise Abatement
		50.6 Future Trends
		References
	Chapter 51 Used Oil
		51.1 Introduction
		51.2 Used Oil Industry
		51.3 Used Oil Recycling and Reuse
			51.3.1 Refining
			51.3.2 Reprocessing
		51.4 Early Regulations Governing Used Oil
		51.5 Facts about Used Oil
		References
	Chapter 52 Underground Storage Tanks
		52.1 Introduction
		52.2 Early Regulations
		52.3 Federal Regulations
		52.4 Release Response and Corrective Action
		52.5 Cleanup Procedures and Economic Considerations
		52.6 Future Trends
		References
	Chapter 53 Environmental Audits
		53.1 Introduction
		53.2 Definition of Environmental Auditing
		53.3 Why Conduct an Environmental Audit?
		53.4 Elements of an Effective Auditing Program
		53.5 EPA’s Audit Policy: Incentives for Self-Policing
		53.6 Future Trends
		References
	Chapter 54 Economics
		54.1 Introduction
		54.2 Capital Costs
		54.3 Operating Costs
		54.4 Hidden Economic Factors
		54.5 Project Evaluation and Optimization
		54.6 Future Trends
		References
	Chapter 55 Nanotechnology Concerns
		55.1 Introduction
		55.2 Introduction to Nanotechnology
		55.3 Environmental Implications
		55.4 Health Risk Assessment
		55.5 Hazard Risk Assessment
		55.6 Environmental Regulations
		55.7 Future Trends
		References
	Chapter 56 Acid Rain
		56.1 Introduction
		56.2 Emissions Reduction: Before Combustion
			56.2.1 Coal Switching
			56.2.2 Coal Cleaning
		56.3 Emissions Reduction: During Combustion
		56.4 Emissions Reduction: After Combustion
		56.5 National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program
			56.5.1 Aquatic Effects
			56.5.2 Forest Effects
			56.5.3 Crop Effects
			56.5.4 Materials Effects
			56.5.5 Human Health Effects
		56.6 Future Trends
		References
	Chapter 57 Legal Considerations
		57.1 Introduction
		57.2 Intellectual Property Law
		57.3 Contract Law
		57.4 Tort Law
		57.5 Patents
		57.6 Infringement and Interferences
		57.7 Copyrights
		57.8 Trademarks
		57.9 The Engineering Professional Licensing Process
		References
	Chapter 58 Training Options
		58.1 Introduction
		58.2 Academic Training
		58.3 Employee Exchange Programs
		58.4 Summer Employment and Cooperative Training
		58.5 Short-Term Training
		58.6 Self-Study Training
		58.7 Future Trends
		References
	Chapter 59 Ethical Considerations
		59.1 Introduction
		59.2 Moral Issues
		59.3 Modern Day Mainstream Environmentalism
		59.4 Technology and Environmentalism
		59.5 Engineering Ethics
			59.5.1 Preamble
			59.5.2 Pledge
			59.5.3 A&WMA Bylaws
		59.6 Future Trends
		References
	Chapter 60 Environmental Justice
		60.1 Introduction
		60.2 History and Scientific Research
		60.3 Federal Action to Address Environmental Justice in Minority Populations
		60.4 The Case for Environmental Justice
		60.5 The Case against Environmental Justice
			60.5.1 Environmental Racism
			60.5.2 Environmental Equity
			60.5.3 Environmental Health
		60.6 Future Trends
		References
Index