Introduction to Criminal Justice

Cover
Half Title
Title
Copyright
Contents
Preface
Chapter 1 Criminal Justice Perspectives
	Social Control
		Types of Social Control
		Criminal Justice as Social Control
	Perspectives on Criminal Justice
		The Multidisciplinary Nature of Criminal Justice
	Systems Theory and the Systems Approach
	Types of Systems
	The Environment of Criminal Justice
		The Material Environment of Criminal Justice
			Raw Materials
			Means of Production
		The Ideological Environment of Criminal Justice
			Due Process Versus Crime Control
	Careers
		Policing
		Courts
		Corrections
	Academic Criminal Justice
	Examining Criminal Justice
	Preview of Forthcoming Chapters
Chapter 2 The Justice Process
	The Decision Points of the Criminal Justice System
		Detection
		Investigation
		Arrest
		Initial Appearance
		Charging
		Arraignment
		Trial
		Sentencing
		Revocation
		Discharge
	The Total Criminal Justice System
		Immigration Policy
		Homeland Security
		The War on Drugs
		Domestic Violence Arrest Policies
	The Components of Criminal Justice
		Law Enforcement
			Federal Law Enforcement
			State Law Enforcement
			Municipal Law Enforcement
			Private and Other Public Law Enforcement
		Courts
			Federal Courts
			State Courts
			Local Courts
			Other Courts
			Prosecution
			Defense
			Witnesses and Jurors
		Corrections
			Incarceration
			Nonincarceration
			Private-Sector Corrections
	Systems and Criminal Justice Structure
Chapter 3 Crime and Crime Control
	Defining Crime
	Classification of Crimes and Criminals
	Defining Criminals
		Criminal Careers Versus Career Criminals
	Controlling Crime and Criminals
		Law Enforcement Programs
		Court Programs
		Corrections Programs
	A New Direction for Crime Control
	Crime Control in General
Chapter 4 Counting Crimes and Criminals
	The Need for Numbers
	The Impact of Ignorance
	Official Statistics
		The Uniform Crime Reports
		National Incident-Based Reporting Systems
		Other Official Statistics
	Unofficial Statistics
		Victim Surveys
		Improving the NCVS
		Self-Reports
		Other Measures of Crime and Criminal Justice
	Summary of Crime Statistics
	Disparities in the Justice System
		Age
		Race
		Gender
	Understanding the Justice System
		Criminal Justice in a Democracy
Chapter 5 Police and Policing
	The Development of American Policing
		Law Enforcement in England
		The Colonial and Early American Experience
		The American Police
	The Functions of Police
		The Police as a Human Services Agency
		The Police as a Crime Control Agency
		The Police as a Peacekeeping Agency
	Police Management
		Community Policing
		CompStat
	Counterterrorism and Homeland Security
	The Structure of American Policing
	Understanding Police
		Police and Communities
		Police Organizations
		Selection of Police Officers
		Police Culture
		Police Officer Stress
	Policing in the Whole System
Chapter 6 Law Enforcement in the Criminal Justice  System
	Detection
	Investigation
		Search
		Interrogation
		The “Good Faith” Exception
		Other Investigatory Practices
			Identification Techniques: Throw-Downs and Lineups
			Surveillance
			Informants
			Crackdowns
			Undercover Operations
	Arrest
	Due Process, Crime Control, and the Police
	Issues in Law Enforcement
		Police Misconduct
		Use of Force
		Community Relations
		Police Crime Control
Chapter 7 The Criminal Courts
	The Organization of American Courts
		Federal Courts
		State Courts
		Problem-Solving Courts
	The Development of American Courts
	The Functions of Courts
	The Criminal Court Process
		Initial Appearance
		Preliminary Hearing
		Formal Charging
		Arraignment
		Trial
	Due Process, Crime Control, and the Courts
Chapter 8 People and Problems in the Courts
	Defense Attorneys
	Prosecutors
	Judges
	Jurors
	Issues in the Criminal Courts
		Speedy Trial
		The Courtroom Work Group
		Free Press and Fair Trial
		Victim Services
		Plea Bargaining
		Additional Issues in the Courts
	The Criminal Courts in the Whole System
Chapter 9 Sentencing: The Goals and Process of Punishment
	The Purposes of Punishment
	Sentencing Structures in the United States
	Sentencing in the Justice System
		Presentence Investigation
		The Sentencing Hearing
		The Parole Hearing
	Conditions of Sentence
		Probation
		Incarceration
	Issues in Sentencing
		Disparity
		Capital Punishment
		Using Time as a Penalty: Truth in Sentencing
		Intermediate Sanctions
	Due Process, Crime Control, and Sentencing in the Whole System
Chapter 10 Incarceration
	The Origins of American Incarceration
		The Congregate/Segregate System Debate
		The Changing Purposes of Prisons
	The Organization of American Incarceration
		Jail Organization
		Prison Organization
	Doing Time
		Deprivation of Liberty
		Deprivation of Goods and Services
		Deprivation of Heterosexual Relations
		Deprivation of Autonomy
		Deprivation of Security
	Correctional Officers: The Other Inmates
	Incarceration in the Criminal Justice System
	Prisoners’ Rights
		First Amendment Protections
		Eighth Amendment Protections
		Fourteenth Amendment Protections
	Due Process, Crime Control, and Incarceration
Chapter 11 Problems and Issues in Incarceration
	Privatization
		Ethical Issues of Privatization
		Effectiveness of Private Prisons
	Crowding
	Prison Industries
	Prison Violence
		Interpersonal Assaults and Homicide
		Sexual Assaults and Violence
	Special Population Treatment
		Medical Treatment
		Mental Health Treatment
		Substance Abuse Treatment
	Continuing Pressures on Incarceration
	Incarceration in the Total System
Chapter 12 Probation, Parole, and Community Corrections
	The Origins of Community Supervision
	The Organization of Community Supervision: Probation and Parole
		Other Forms of Community Supervision
		Halfway Houses
		Community Service Programs
		Furlough Programs
	Work and Educational Release Programs
		Home Incarceration
		Diversion
	Being on Paper
		Supervision Conditions
		Client Perspectives
		Officer Perspectives
	Offender Rights in Community Supervision
	Community Supervision in the Whole System
Chapter 13 Issues in Community Supervision
	Does Community Supervision Work?
		Controlling Risk
		Reducing Incarceration and Costs
		Matching Punishments With Offenders
	Shock Incarceration
	Intensive Supervision
	Electronic Monitoring
	Day Reporting and Other Sanctions
	Issues in Community Supervision
		Financing
		Management
		Technology
	Due Process, Crime Control, and Community Supervision
Chapter 14 The Juvenile Justice System
	Defining Delinquency
	Measuring the Scope of the Problem
		Official Records
		Self-Reports of Delinquency
		Comparing the Delinquency Measures
	Gang Delinquency
		Defining Gangs
		The Extent of Gang Deviance
		Why Do Youths Join Gangs?
		Gang Activity
		Responding to Gangs
	The History of Juvenile Justice
	The Philosophy of the Juvenile Justice System
	The Juvenile Court Process
		The Detention Decision
		The Intake Decision
		The Waiver Decision
		Adjudication and Disposition
		Attorneys in the Juvenile Courtroom
		Jury Trials for Juveniles
	Issues in Juvenile Justice
		The Emphasis on Punitiveness
		Constitutional Limitations of Punishment
	The Future of Juvenile Justice
		Developmental Approach
		Evidence-Based Practices
		Reemphasizing Juvenile Court
		Restorative Justice
	Due Process, Crime Control, and the Juvenile Justice System
Chapter 15 Discharge and Developments
	Discharge
	Collateral Consequences of Conviction
		Felon Disenfranchisement
	Recidivism
		Defining Recidivism
		Recidivism and Criminal Justice Policy
	Developments in Criminal Justice
		Increased Federalism
		Drug Policy
		Legitimacy of the Criminal Justice System
		Technological Justice
		Technology and Criminal Justice in the Total System
	Criminal Justice: Moving Forward
	Criminal Justice: A Final Thought
Index