Introduction to Computer Organization: An Under-the-Hood Look at Hardware and ARM A64 Assembly (ARM Edition)

Cover Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication Page
About the Author
About the Technical Reviewer
BRIEF CONTENTS
CONTENTS IN DETAIL
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
INTRODUCTION
   Who This Book Is For
   About This Book
      The Programming in the Book
      Why Read This Book?
      Chapter Organization
   Efficient Use of This Book
1 SETTING THE STAGE
   Computer Subsystems
   Creating and Executing a Program
   The Programming Environment
   What You’ve Learned
2 DATA STORAGE FORMATS
   Switches and Groups of Switches
      Representing Switches with Bits
      Representing Groups of Bits
      Using Hexadecimal Digits
   The Mathematical Equivalence of Binary and Decimal
      Getting to Know Positional Notation
      Converting Binary to Unsigned Decimal
      Converting Unsigned Decimal to Binary
   Storing Data in Memory
      Memory Addresses
      Characters
      Unsigned Integers
   Exploring Data Formats with C
      Using C and C++ I/O Libraries
      Writing and Executing Your First C Program
   Examining Memory with a Debugger
      Using Your Debugger
      Understanding Byte Storage Order in Memory
   What You’ve Learned
3 COMPUTER ARITHMETIC
   Unsigned Integers in the Decimal Number System
      Addition
      Subtraction
   Unsigned Integers in the Binary System
      Addition
      Subtraction
   Adding and Subtracting Signed Integers
      Understanding Two’s Complement
      Computing Two’s Complement
   Adding and Subtracting Signed Integers in Binary
      Two Numbers of the Opposite Sign
      Two Positive Numbers
      Two Negative Numbers
   The Circular Nature of Integer Codes
   What You’ve Learned
4 BOOLEAN ALGEBRA
   Basic Boolean Operators
   Boolean Expressions
   Boolean Algebra Rules
      Rules That Are the Same as Elementary Algebra
      Rules That Differ from Elementary Algebra
   Boolean Functions
      Canonical Sum or Sum of Minterms
      Canonical Product or Product of Maxterms
      Comparison of Canonical Boolean Forms
   Boolean Expression Minimization
      Minimal Expressions
      Minimization Using Algebraic Manipulations
      Minimization Using Karnaugh Maps
   Combining Basic Boolean Operators
   What You’ve Learned
5 LOGIC GATES
   Crash Course in Electronics
      Power Supplies and Batteries
      Passive Components
      Power Consumption
   Transistors
      MOSFET Switch
      CMOS Switch
   NAND and NOR Gates
   NAND as a Universal Gate
   What You’ve Learned
6 COMBINATIONAL LOGIC CIRCUITS
   The Two Types of Logic Circuits
   Adders
      Half Adder
      Full Adder
      Full Adder from Two Half Adders
      Ripple-Carry Addition and Subtraction Circuits
   Decoders
   Multiplexers
   Tristate Buffer
   Programmable Logic Devices
      Programmable Logic Array
      Read-Only Memory
      Programmable Array Logic
   What You’ve Learned
7 SEQUENTIAL LOGIC CIRCUITS
   Latches
      SR Latch Using NOR Gates
      SR Latch Using NAND Gates
      SR Latch with Enable
      The D Latch
   Flip-Flops
      Clocks
      D Flip-Flop
   Designing Sequential Logic Circuits
      A Counter
      A Branch Predictor
   What You’ve Learned
8 MEMORY
   The Memory Hierarchy
      Mass Storage
      Main Memory
      Cache Memory
      Registers
   Implementing Memory in Hardware
      Four-Bit Registers
      Shift Registers
      The Register File
      Read/Write Memory
      Static Random-Access Memory
      Dynamic Random-Access Memory
   What You’ve Learned
9 CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT
   CPU Overview
      CPU Subsystems
      Instruction Execution Cycle
   A64 Registers
      General-Purpose Registers
      Special-Purpose Registers
   C/C++ Integral Data Types and Register Sizes
   Using gdb to View the CPU Registers
   What You’ve Learned
10 PROGRAMMING IN ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE
   Starting in C
      From C to Assembly Language
      Unused Assembler Directives
      Required Assembler Directives
   Starting in Assembly Language
      Symbolic Names in Assembly Language
      Basic Format of Assembly Language Instructions
      Symbols Used for Instruction Descriptions
      First Instructions
   Using gdb to Learn Assembly Language
   What You’ve Learned
11 INSIDE THE MAIN FUNCTION
   Using the Call Stack
      Stacks in General
      The Stack Frame
      A64 Memory Addressing
      Local Variables on the Call Stack
   Processing Data in a Function
   Passing Arguments in Registers
   Writing main in Assembly Language
   What You’ve Learned
12 INSTRUCTION DETAILS
   Looking at Machine Code
   Encoding Load and Store Instructions
   Encoding Data Processing Instructions
      Moving Data from Register to Register
      Moving a Constant to a Register
      Performing Arithmetic
      Computing Addresses
      Looking at the Details of an Executable File
   Encoding Program Flow Control Instructions
   Translating Assembly into Machine Code
      The Assembler
      The Linker
   What You’ve Learned
13 CONTROL FLOW CONSTRUCTS
   Branches
      Unconditional
      Conditional
   Iteration
      write and read System Call Functions
      while Loop
      for Loop
      do-while Loop
   Conditionals
      if
      if-then-else
      switch
   What You’ve Learned
14 INSIDE SUBFUNCTIONS
   Scope of Variable Names in C
   Overview of Passing Arguments
   Global Variables
   Explicitly Passing Arguments
      In C
      In Assembly Language
      With More Than Eight Arguments
      Stack Frame Discipline
   Static Local Variables
      In C
      In Assembly Language
   Program Memory Characteristics
   What You’ve Learned
15 SPECIAL USES OF SUBFUNCTIONS
   Recursion
   Accessing CPU Features in Assembly Language
      Writing a Separate Function
      Using Inline Assembly Language
   What You’ve Learned
16 BITWISE LOGIC, MULTIPLICATION, AND DIVISION INSTRUCTIONS
   Bitmasking
      Bitmasking in C
      Basic Logic Instructions
      Bitmasking in Assembly Language
   Shifting Bits
      In C
      In Assembly Language
   Multiplication
      In C
      In Assembly Language
   Division
      In C
      In Assembly Language
   What You’ve Learned
17 DATA STRUCTURES
   Arrays
      In C
      In Assembly Language
   Records
      In C
      In Assembly Language
   What You’ve Learned
18 OBJECT - ORIENTED PROGRAMMING
   Objects in C++
      Creating an Object
      Defining Class Member Functions
   Writing a Constructor and Destructor via the Compiler
   Overloading the Default Constructor in C++
   Calling Assembly Language Functions in C++
   What You’ve Learned
19 FRACTIONAL NUMBERS
   Fractional Values in Binary
   Fixed-Point Numbers
      When the Fractional Part Is a Sum of Inverse Powers of Two
      When the Fractional Part Is in Decimal
   Floating-Point Numbers
      Floating-Point Representation
      IEEE 754 Floating-Point Standard
   Floating-Point Hardware
   Floating-Point Arithmetic Errors
      Rounding Error
      Absorption
      Cancellation
      Associativity
   Comments About Numerical Accuracy
   What You’ve Learned
20 INPUT/OUTPUT
   Timing Considerations
      Memory Timing
      I/O Device Timing
   Accessing I/O Devices
   I/O Programming
   Programming a General-Purpose I/O Device
      Connecting the Blinking LED Circuit
      Blinking an LED in C, All Models
      Blinking an LED in Assembly Language, Models 3 and 4
      Blinking an LED in Assembly Language, Model 5
   Polled I/O Programming Algorithms
   What You’ve Learned
21 EXCEPTIONS AND INTERRUPTS
   Application vs. System Software
   Privilege and Exception Levels
   Exception Events
   CPU Response to an Exception
   Supervisor Calls
   What You’ve Learned
Index