Introduction to Computer Organization: An Under the Hood Look at Hardware and x86-64 Assembly

Brief Contents
Contents in Detail
Preface
	Who This Book Is For
	About This Book
		The Programming in the Book
		Why Read This Book?
		Chapter Organization
	Efficient Use of This Book
Acknowledgments
Chapter 1: Setting the Stage
	Computer Subsystems
	Program Execution
	The Programming Environment
	What You’ve Learned
Chapter 2: Data Storage Formats
	Describing Switches and Groups of Switches
		Representing Switches with Bits
		Representing Groups of Bits
		Using Hexadecimal Digits
	The Mathematical Equivalence of Binary and Decimal
		Getting to Know Positional Notation
		Converting Binary to Unsigned Decimal
		Converting Unsigned Decimal to Binary
	Storing Data in Memory
		Expressing Memory Addresses
		Characters
		Unsigned Integers
	Exploring Data Formats with C
		C and C++ I/O Libraries
		Writing and Executing Your First C Program
	Examining Memory with a Debugger
		Using Your Debugger
		Understanding Byte Storage Order in Memory
	What You’ve Learned
Chapter 3: Computer Arithmetic
	Adding and Subtracting Unsigned Integers
		Adding in the Decimal Number System
		Subtracting in the Decimal Number System
		Adding and Subtracting Unsigned Integers in Binary
	Adding and Subtracting Signed Integers
		Two’s Complement
		Computing Two’s Complement
		Adding and Subtracting Signed Integers in Binary
		Circular Nature of Integer Codes
	What You’ve Learned
Chapter 4: Boolean Algebra
	Basic Boolean Operators
	Boolean Expressions
	Boolean Algebra Rules
		Boolean Algebra Rules That Are the Same as Elementary Algebra
		Boolean Algebra Rules That Differ from Elementary Algebra
	Boolean Functions
		Canonical Sum or Sum of Minterms
		Canonical Product or Product of Maxterms
		Comparison of Canonical Boolean Forms
	Boolean Expression Minimization
		Minimal Expressions
		Minimization Using Algebraic Manipulations
		Minimization Using Karnaugh Maps
	Combining Basic Boolean Operators
	What You’ve Learned
Chapter 5: Logic Gates
	Crash Course in Electronics
		Power Supplies and Batteries
		Passive Components
	Transistors
		MOSFET Switch
		CMOS Switch
	NAND and NOR Gates
	NAND as a Universal Gate
	What You’ve Learned
Chapter 6: Combinational Logic Circuits
	The Two Classes of Logic Circuits
	Adders
		Half Adder
		Full Adder
		Full Adder from Two Half Adders
		Ripple-Carry Addition and Subtraction Circuits
	Decoders
	Multiplexers
		Tristate Buffer
	Programmable Logic Devices
		Programmable Logic Array
		Read-Only Memory
		Programmable Array Logic
	What You’ve Learned
Chapter 7: Sequential Logic Circuits
	Latches
		SR Latch Using NOR Gates
		SR Latch Using NAND Gates
		SR Latch with Enable
		The D Latch
	Flip-Flops
		Clocks
		D Flip-Flop
		T Flip-Flop
		JK Flip-Flop
	Designing Sequential Logic Circuits
		Designing a Counter
		Designing a Branch Predictor
	What You’ve Learned
Chapter 8: Memory
	The Memory Hierarchy
		Mass Storage
		Main Memory
		Cache Memory
		Registers
	Implementing Memory in Hardware
		Four-Bit Register
		Shift Register
		Register File
		Read-Write Memory
		Static Random-Access Memory
		Dynamic Random-Access Memory
	What You’ve Learned
Chapter 9: Central Processing Unit
	CPU Overview
		CPU Subsystems
		Instruction Execution Cycle
	x86-64 Registers
		General-Purpose Registers
		Status Register
	C/C++ Integral Data Types and Register Sizes
	Using gdb to View the CPU Registers
	What You’ve Learned
Chapter 10: Programming in Assembly Language
	Compiling a Program Written in C
	From C to Assembly Language
		Assembler Directives That We Won’t Use
		Assembler Directives That We Will Use
	Creating a Program in Assembly Language
		Assembly Language in General
		First Assembly Language Instructions
		Minimal Processing in a Function
		Using gdb to Learn Assembly Language
	AT&T Syntax
	What You’ve Learned
Chapter 11: Inside the main Function
	The write and read System Call Functions
	Passing Arguments in Registers
	Position-Independent Code
	The Call Stack
		Stacks in General
		Inside the Function Prologue and Epilogue
	Local Variables in a Function
		Variables on the Stack
		Stack Corruption
	Not Using the C Runtime Environment
	What You’ve Learned
Chapter 12: Instruction Details
	Looking at Machine Code
	Instruction Bytes
		Opcode Bytes
		ModR/M Byte
		REX Prefix Byte
	Immediate Addressing Mode
	Memory Addressing Modes
		Direct Memory Addressing
		Register Indirect with Offset
		Register Indirect with Indexing
		SIB Byte
	Jump Instructions
	Assemblers and Linkers
		The Assembler
		The Linker
	What You’ve Learned
Chapter 13: Control Flow Constructs
	Jumps
		Unconditional Jumps
		Conditional Jumps
	Iteration
		while Loop
		for Loop
		do-while Loop
	Selection
		if Conditional
		if-then-else Conditional
		switch Conditional
	What You’ve Learned
Chapter 14: Inside Subfunctions
	Scope of Variable Names in C
	Overview of Passing Arguments
	Global Variables
	Explicitly Passing Arguments
		Passing Arguments in C
		What’s Going On in Assembly Language
	Handling More Than Six Arguments
		Pushing Arguments onto the Stack
		Storing Arguments Directly on the Stack
		Summary of Stack Frame Usage
	Static Local Variables
	What You’ve Learned
Chapter 15: Special Uses of Subfunctions
	Recursion
	Accessing CPU Features in Assembly Language
		A Separate Function Written in Assembly Language
		Inline Assembly Language
	What You’ve Learned
Chapter 16: Computing with Bitwise Logic, Multiplication, and Division Instructions
	Bit Masking
		Bit Masking in C
		Logic Instructions
		Bit Masking in Assembly Language
	Shifting Bits
		Shifting Bits in C
		Shift Instructions
		Shifting Bits in Assembly Language
	Multiplication
		Multiplication in C
		Multiply Instructions
		Multiplication in Assembly Language
	Division
		Division in C
		Division Instructions
		Division in Assembly Language
	What You’ve Learned
Chapter 17: Data Structures
	Arrays
		Arrays in C
		Arrays in Assembly Language
	Records
		Records in C
		Records in Assembly Language
		Passing Records to Other Functions in C
		Passing Records to Other Functions in Assembly Language
	What You’ve Learned
Chapter 18: Object-Oriented Programming
	Objects in C++
		Using Objects in C++
		Defining Class Member Functions
		Letting the Compiler Write a Constructor and Destructor
	Objects in Assembly Language
	What You’ve Learned
Chapter 19: Fractional Numbers
	Fractional Values in Binary
	Fixed-Point Numbers
		When the Fractional Part Is a Sum of Inverse Powers of Two
		When the Fractional Part Is in Decimal
	Floating-Point Numbers
		Floating-Point Representation
		IEEE 754 Floating-Point Standard
		SSE2 Floating-Point Hardware
		xmm Registers
		Programming with Floating-Point Numbers
		Floating-Point Arithmetic Errors
	Comments About Numerical Accuracy
	What You’ve Learned
Chapter 20: Input/Output
	Timing Considerations
		Memory Timing
		I/O Device Timing
		Bus Timing
	Accessing I/O Devices
		Port-Mapped I/O
		Memory-Mapped I/O
	I/O Programming
		Polled I/O
		Interrupt-Driven I/O
		Direct Memory Access
	Polled I/O Programming Algorithms
		UART Memory-Mapped I/O in C
		UART Memory-Mapped I/O in Assembly Language
		UART Port-Mapped I/O
	What You’ve Learned
Chapter 21: Interrupts and Exceptions
	Privilege Levels
	CPU Response to an Interrupt or Exception
		External Interrupts
		Exceptions
		Software Interrupts
	System Calls
		The int 0x80 Software Interrupt
		The syscall Instruction
	What You’ve Learned
Index