Introduction to communication sciences and disorders : the scientific basis of clinical practice

Preface
Acknowledgments
Reviewers
1. Introduction to Communication Sciences and Disorders
	Introduction: Communication Sciences and Disorders as a Discipline
	Communication Sciences and Disorders: The Whole Is Greater Than the Sum of Its Parts
		An Interdisciplinary Field
		Translational Research
		Does the Basic Science Work? Does the Clinic Work?
		Evidence-Based Practice
		A Typical Undergraduate Curriculum
	Who Are the Professionals in Communication Sciences and Disorders?
		Preparation for, and the Profession of, Speech-Language Pathology
		Preparation for, and the Profession of, Audiology
	Order of Chapters in the Text
	Chapter Summary
	References
2. The Nervous System: Language, Speech, and Hearing Structures and Processes
	Introduction
	Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems
		The Neuron
		The Synapse
	Tour of Gross Neuroanatomy
		Frontal Lobe
		Occipital Lobe
		Temporal Lobe
		Parietal Lobe
		Hidden Cortex
		Subcortical Nuclei
		Brainstem, Cerebellum, and Spinal Cord
		The Auditory Pathways
	The Dominant Hemisphere and the Perisylvian Language Areas
		Arcuate Fasciculus (Dorsal Stream) and Ventral Stream
	Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Speech and Language Brain Activity
		Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging
		Diffusion Tensor Imaging
	Chapter Summary
	References
3. Language Science
	Introduction
	What Is Language?
		Language: A Conventional System
		Language: A Dynamic System
		Language Is Generative
		Language Uses Mental Representations
		Language Is Localized in the Brain
	Components of Language
		Form
		Social Use of Language (Pragmatics)
	Language and Cognitive Processes
		Why
		How
		When
	Chapter Summary
	References
4. Communication in a Multicultural Society
	Introduction
	Why It Matters
		Difference Versus Disorder
	Standardized Testing and Language Difference Versus Disorder
	Accent, Dialect, and Culture
		Accent
		Dialect
		Code Switching
		Foreign Accent
	Bilingualism and Multilingualism
	Chapter Summary
	References
5. Preverbal Foundations of Speech and Language Development
	Introduction
	Preparatory Notes on Developmental Chronologies
		0 to 3 Months: Expression (Production)
		0 to 3 Months: Perception and Comprehension
		3 to 8 Months: Production
		3 to 8 Months: Perception and Comprehension
		8 to 12 Months: Production
		8 to 12 Months: Perception and Comprehension
	Gesture and Preverbal Language Development
	Chapter Summary
	References
6. Typical Language Development
	Introduction
		12 to 18 Months
		18 to 24 Months
		Three Years (36 Months)
	Multiword Utterances, Grammatical Morphology
		Expanding Utterance Length: A Measure of Linguistic Sophistication
		Grammatical Morphology
	Typical Language Development in School Years
		Metalinguistic Skills
		Pragmatic Skill: Discourse
		Complex Sentences
	Sample Transcript
	Chapter Summary
	References
7. Pediatric Language Disorders I
	Introduction
	Specific Language Impairment/Developmental Language Disorder
		Language Characteristics of Children with SLI/DLD
	Summary of the Language Disorder in SLI/DLD
	What Is The Cause of SLI/DLD?
		The Role of Genetics in SLI/DLD
	Language Delay and Autism Spectrum Disorder
		Language Characteristics in ASD
	Language Delay and Hearing Impairment
		Epidemiology of Hearing Loss
		Language Characteristics in Hearing Impairment
		Speech and Language Development and Hearing Impairment
	Chapter Summary
	References
8. Pediatric Language Disorders II
	Introduction
	Criteria for a Diagnosis of ID
		Down Syndrome (DS): General Characteristics
		Epidemiology and the DS Phenotype
		Language Characteristics in DS
		Fragile X Syndrome: General Characteristics
		Epidemiology of FXS
		Language Characteristics in FXS
	Chapter Summary
	References
9. Language Disorders in Adults
	Introduction
	Review of Concepts for the Role of The Nervous System In Speech, Language, and Hearing
		Cerebral Hemispheres
		Lateralization of Speech and Language Functions
		Language Expression and Comprehension Are Represented in Different Cortical Regions of the Left Hemisphere
		Connections Between Different Regions of the Brain
		Perisylvian Speech and Language Areas of the Brain
	Adult Language Disorders: Aphasia
		Classification of Aphasia
		Aphasia Due to Stroke: A Summary
		Traumatic Brain Injury and Aphasia
		Nature of Brain Injury in TBI
		Language Impairment in TBI
	Dementia
		Brain Pathology in Dementia
		Language Disorders in Dementia
	Chapter Summary
	References
10. Speech Science I
	Introduction
	The Speech Mechanism: A Three-Component Description
		Respiratory System Component (Power Supply for Speech)
		The Respiratory System and Vegetative Breathing
		Speech Breathing
		Clinical Applications: An Example
	The Larynx (Sound Source for Speech)
		Laryngeal Cartilages
		Laryngeal Muscles and Membranes
		Phonation
		Characteristics of Phonation
		Clinical Applications: An Example
	Upper Airway (Consonants and Vowels)
		Muscles of the Vocal Tract
		Vocal Tract Shape and Vocalic Production
		Velopharyngeal Mechanism
		Valving in the Vocal Tract and the Formation of Speech Sounds
		Coarticulation
		Clinical Applications: An Example
	Chapter Summary
	References
11. Speech Science II
	Introduction
	The Theory of Speech Acoustics
		The Sound Source
		The Sound Filter
		Vowel Sounds Result From the Combination of Source and Filter Acoustics
		Resonant Frequencies of Vowels Are Called Formants: Spectrograms
		The Tube Model of Human Vocal Tract Makes Interesting Predictions and Suggests Interesting Problems
		A Spectrogram Shows Formant Frequencies and Much More
	Speech Synthesis
	Speech Recognition
	Speech Acoustics and Assistive Listening Devices
	Speech Perception
		The Perception of Speech: Special Mechanisms?
		The Perception of Speech: Auditory Theories
		Motor Theory and Auditory Theory: A Summary
		Top-Down Influences: It Is Not All About Speech Sounds
		Speech Intelligibility
	Chapter Summary
	References
12. Phonetics
	Introduction
	International Phonetic Alphabet
		Vowels and Their Phonetic Symbols
		Consonants and Their Phonetic Symbols
		Clinical Implications of Phonetic Transcription
	Chapter Summary
	References
13. Typical Phonological Development
	Introduction
		Phonetic and Phonological Development: General Considerations
	Phonetic and Phonological Development
		Phonetic Development
		Phonological Development
	Typical Speech Sound Development
		Determination of Speech Sound Mastery in Typically Developing Children
		Possible Explanations for the Typical Sequence of Speech Sound Mastery
		Phonological Processes and Speech Sound Development
		Phonological Development and Word Learning
	Chapter Summary
	References
14. Motor Speech Disorders in Adults
	Introduction
	Classification of Motor Speech Disorders
		Dysarthria
		Subtypes of Dysarthria
		The Mayo Clinic Classification System for Motor Speech Disorders
		The Dysarthrias: A Summary
		Apraxia of Speech
	Chapter Summary
	References
15. Pediatric Speech Disorders I
	Introduction
	Speech Delay
		Diagnosis of Speech Delay
		Quantitative Measures of Speech Delay and Speech Intelligibility
		Speech Delay: Phonetic, Phonological, or Both?
		Additional Considerations in Speech Delay and Residual and Persistent Speech Sound Errors
		Speech Delay and Genetics
	Childhood Apraxia of Speech
		CAS Compared With Adult Apraxia of Speech (AAS)
		CAS: Prevalence and General Characteristics
		CAS: Speech Characteristics
		CAS and Overlap With Other Developmental Delays
		CAS and Genetics
	Chapter Summary
	References
16. Pediatric Speech Disorders II
	Introduction
	Childhood Motor Speech Disorders: Cerebral Palsy
		Subtypes of Cerebral Palsy
		Dysarthria in Cerebral Palsy
	Childhood Motor Speech Disorders: Traumatic Brain Injury and Tumors
		Traumatic Brain Injury
		Brain Tumors
		Treatment Options and Considerations
	Chapter Summary
	References
17. Fluency Disorders
	Introduction
	Incidence and Prevalence of Stuttering
	Genetic Studies
	Diagnosis of Developmental Stuttering
	The Natural History of Developmental Stuttering
		Stage I: Typical Dysfluencies
		Stage II: Borderline Stuttering
		Stage III: Beginning Stuttering
		Stage IV: Intermediate Stuttering
		Stage V: Advanced Stuttering
		Recovery of Fluency
	Possible Causes of Stuttering
		Psychogenic Theories
		Learning Theories
		Biological Theories
	Acquired (Neurogenic) Stuttering
		Symptoms of Neurogenic Stuttering Compared With Developmental Stuttering
	Treatment Considerations
	Chapter Summary
	References
18. Voice Disorders
	Introduction
	Epidemiology of Voice Disorders
	Initial Steps in the Diagnosis of Voice Disorders
		Case History
		Perceptual Evaluation of the Voice
		Viewing the Vocal Folds
		Measurement of Basic Voice Parameters
	Classification/Types of Voice Disorders
		The Hypo-Hyperfunctional Continuum
		Phonotrauma
		Organic Voice Disorders
		Functional Voice Disorders
		Neurological Voice Disorders
	Pediatric Voice Disorders
		Prevalence of Childhood Voice Disorders
		Types of Childhood Voice Disorders
		Treatment of Childhood Voice Disorders
	Chapter Summary
	References
19. Craniofacial Anomalies
	Introduction
	Definition and Origins of Craniofacial Anomalies
		Embryological Development of the Upper Lip and Associated Structures
		Embryological Errors and Clefting: Clefts of the Lip
		Embryological Errors and Clefting: Clefts of the Palate
		Cleft Lip With or Without a Cleft Palate; Cleft Palate Only (Isolated Cleft Palate)
	Epidemiology of Clefting
	Speech Production in CL/P and CPO
		Diagnosis of VPI
		VPI and Hypernasality
		VPI, Consonant Articulation, and Speech Intelligibility
		Clefting and Syndromes
		Cleft Palate: Other Considerations
	Chapter Summary
	References
20. Swallowing
	Introduction
	Anatomy of Swallowing
		Esophagus
		Stomach
	The Act of Swallowing
		Oral Preparatory Phase
		Oral Transport Phase
		Pharyngeal Phase
		Esophageal Phase
		Overlap of Phases
	Breathing and Swallowing
	Nervous System Control of Swallowing
		Role of the Peripheral Nervous System
		Role of the Central Nervous System
	Variables That Influence Swallowing
		Bolus Characteristics
		Development
		Age
	Measurement and Analysis of Swallowing
		Videofluoroscopy
		Endoscopy
		Client Self-Report
	Health Care Team for Individuals With Swallowing Disorders
	Chapter Summary
	References
21. Hearing Science I: Acoustics and Psychoacoustics
	Introduction
	Oscillation
		Waveform
		Spectrum
		Waveform and Spectrum
		Resonance
	Psychoacoustics
		Pitch
		Loudness
		Sound Quality
	Chapter Summary
	References
22. Hearing Science II: Anatomy and Physiology
	Introduction
	Temporal Bone
	Peripheral Anatomy of the Ear
		Outer Ear (Conductive Mechanism)
		Middle Ear
		Inner Ear (Sensorineural Mechanism)
	Chapter Summary
	References
23. Diseases of the Auditory System and Diagnostic Audiology
	Introduction
	Hearing Evaluation
		Case History
		Otoscopy
		Immittance
		Tympanometry
		Acoustic Reflex Threshold
		Audiometric Testing
		Physiological Responses
	Vestibular Assessment
	Audiometric Results
		Type, Degree, and Configuration of Loss
	Hearing and Balance Disorders
		Patient Examples
	Chapter Summary
	References
24. Assistive Listening Devices
	Introduction
	Hearing Aids
		Steps in Selecting and Fitting a Hearing Aid
		Types of Hearing Aids
		Hearing Aid Components
	Auditory Implantable Devices
		Bone-Anchored Implant
		Middle Ear Implant
		Cochlear Implant
	Chapter Summary
		Hearing Aids
		Auditory Implantable Devices
	References
25. Aural Habilitation and Rehabilitation
	Introduction
	Aural Habilitation
		Assessment of Communication Needs in Children
		Pediatric Intervention
		Components of a Family-Centered Intervention
		Auditory Training in Aural Habilitation
		Communication Options
		Outcome Measures for Children
	Aural Rehabilitation
		Assessment of Communication Needs in Adults
		Adult Intervention
		Auditory Training in Aural Rehabilitation
		Communication Strategies
		Speechreading
		Outcome Measures for Adults
		Group Aural Rehabilitation
	Chapter Summary
		Aural Habilitation
		Aural Rehabilitation
	References
Index