Introduction to Clinical Psychology: Bridging Science and Practice

Half title
Title page
Imprints page
Dedication
Contents
Detailed Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
Significant Dates and Events in the History of Clinical Psychology
1 What Is Clinical Psychology?
	Contents
	Chapter Preview
	An Overview of Clinical Psychology
		The Definition of Clinical Psychology
		The Popularity of Clinical Psychology
		What Does it Take to Become a Clinical Psychologist?
		Clinical Psychology and Related Mental Health Professions
		In Review An Overview of Clinical Psychology
	Clinical Psychologists at Work
		What Do Clinical Psychologists Do?
		Where Do Clinical Psychologists Work?
		How Much Do Clinical Psychologists Earn?
		Who Are Clinical Psychologists?
		Who Are the Clients of Clinical Psychologists?
		In Review Clinical Psychologists at Work
	Clinical Psychology in the 21st Century
		Science and Practice
		Thinking Scientifically About Evidence
		Eclecticism and Integration
		The Health-Care Environment
		In Review Clinical Psychology in the 21st Century
	Chapter Summary
2 Clinical Psychology’s Past, Present, and Future
	Contents
	Chapter Preview
	The Roots of Clinical Psychology
		The Empirical Tradition
		The Psychometric Tradition
		The Clinical Tradition
		In Review The Roots of Clinical Psychology
	Clinical Psychology Begins to Grow
		Psychological Testing Expands
		Clinicians Become Psychotherapists
		Clinicians Form Professional Organizations
		In Review Clinical Psychology Begins to Grow
	Clinical Psychology Branches Out
		The Psychodynamic Approach
		The Humanistic Approach
		The Behavioral Approach
		The Cognitive Approach
		The Cognitive Behavioral Approach
		Social Systems Approaches
		The Biological Approach
		Comparing Approaches: The Case of Rachel Jackson
		In Review Clinical Psychology Branches Out
	Looking Ahead
		Mechanisms of Change and Transdiagnostic Approaches
		The Burden of Mental Illness and the Science–Practice Gap
		Mental Hospitals Versus Prisons and Jails
		The Changing Landscape of Clinical Practice
		New Approaches to Diagnosing Psychological Disorders
	Chapter Summary
3 Basic Features of Clinical Assessment, Classification, and Diagnosis
	Contents
	Chapter Preview
	An Outline of the Assessment Process
		Receiving and Clarifying the Referral Question
		Planning Data Collection Procedures
		Collecting Assessment Data
		Processing Data and Forming Conclusions
		Communicating Assessment Results
		In Review An Outline of the Assessment Process
	The Goals of Clinical Assessment
		Classification and Diagnosis
		Description
		Planning and Evaluating Treatment
		Prediction
		In Review The Goals of Clinical Assessment
	Factors Influencing the Choice of Assessment Instruments
		Reliability
		Validity
		Standardization
		Bandwidth Versus Fidelity: A Complex Tradeoff
		Other Factors Affecting Assessment Choices
		In Review Factors Influencing the Choice of Assessment Instruments
	Clinical Judgment and Decision-Making
		Clinical Intuition
		Improving Clinical Judgment
		In Review Clinical Judgment and Decision-Making
	Communicating Assessment Results
		Report Clarity
		Relevance to Goals
		Usefulness of Reports
		In Review Communicating Assessment Results
	Ethical Considerations in Assessment
	Chapter Summary
4 Interviewing and Observation in Clinical Psychology
	Contents
	Chapter Preview
	Clinical Interview Situations
		Intake Interviews
		Problem-Referral Interviews
		Orientation Interviews
		Debriefing and Termination Interviews
		Crisis Interviews
		Ethnic and Cultural Issues in Clinical Interviews
		In Review Clinical Interview Situations
	Interview Structure
		Nondirective Interviews
		Semistructured Interviews
		Structured Interviews
		In Review Interview Structure
	Stages in the Interview
		Stage 1: Beginning the Interview
		Stage 2: The Middle of the Interview
		Stage 3: Closing the Interview
		In Review Stages in the Interview
	Evaluating the Quality of Interviews
		Communication and Miscommunication in the Interview
		Reliability and Validity of Interview Data
		In Review Evaluating the Quality of Interviews
	Observational Assessment
		Goals of Observational Assessment
		Limitations of Observational Assessment
		In Review Observational Assessment
	Approaches to Observational Assessment
		Naturalistic Observation
		Controlled Observation
		Behavioral Avoidance Tests
		In Review Approaches to Observational Assessment
	Research on Observational Assessment
		Defining Observational Targets
		Representativeness of Observed Behavior
		Reliability of Observational Assessment
		Validity of Observational Assessment
		In Review Research on Observational Assessment
	Chapter Summary
5 Testing in Clinical Psychology
	Contents
	Chapter Preview
	Basic Concepts in Psychological Testing
		What Is a Psychological Test?
		How Are Tests Constructed?
		Standardization and Score Interpretation
		Avoiding Distortion in Test Scores
		In Review Basic Concepts of Psychological Testing
	Tests of Intellectual Functioning
		Theories of Intelligence
		The Binet Scales
		The Wechsler Scales
		Other Intelligence Tests
		Aptitude and Achievement Tests
		In Review Tests of Intellectual Functioning
	Tests of Attitudes, Interests, Preferences, and Values
	Tests of Psychopathology and Personality
		Objective Tests of Psychopathology
		Objective Tests of Personality
		Projective Personality Tests
		In Review Tests of Psychopathology and Personality
	The Current Status of Psychological Testing
		Reliability and Validity of Psychological Tests
		Psychological Testing with Diverse Clients
		The Ethical Use of Psychological Tests
		New Roles and Goals for Psychological Tests
		In Review The Current Status of Psychological Testing
	Chapter Summary
6 Basic Features of Clinical Interventions
	Contents
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	Overview of Clinical Interventions
		What Is Psychotherapy?
		How Many Psychotherapy Approaches Are There?
		In Review Major Approaches to Psychotherapy
	The Participants in Psychotherapy
		The Client
		The Therapist
		The Therapeutic Alliance
		Settings for Psychotherapy
		In Review The Participants in Psychotherapy
	The Goals of Clinical Interventions
		Building a Strong Therapeutic Relationship
		Fostering Insight
		Providing New Information (Education)
		Assigning Extratherapy Tasks (Homework)
		Developing Faith, Hope, and Expectations for Change
		In Review The Goals of Clinical Interventions
	Ethical Guidelines for Clinical Interventions
		The APA Ethics Code
		Ethics and the Therapist’s Values
		In Review Ethical Guidelines for Clinical Interventions
	Some Practical Aspects of Clinical Intervention
		Treatment Duration and Fees
		Record Keeping
		Case Formulation and Treatment Planning
		Therapist Objectivity and Self-Disclosure
		Termination
		Two Broad Trends in Clinical Intervention
		In Review Some Practical Aspects of Clinical Intervention
	Chapter Summary
7 Research on Clinical Intervention
	Contents
	Chapter Preview
	Methods for Studying Psychological Treatments
		Basic Designs of Psychotherapy-Outcome Research: Past and Present
		In Review Methods for Studying Psychological Treatments
	Results of Research on Individual Treatments
		Client Satisfaction Surveys
		Box Score Reviews
		Meta-Analytic Studies
		Empirically Supported and Evidence-Based Treatments
		Evidence-Based Practice
		Research on Common or Nonspecific Factors in Therapy
		In Review Results of Research on Individual Treatments
	Results of Research on Other Modes of Intervention
		Findings on Group Therapy
		Findings on Couples Therapy
		Findings on Family Therapy
		Findings on Preventive Interventions
		Findings on Self-Help Resources and Self-Help Groups
		Findings on the Combination of Psychotherapy and Medication
		In Review Results of Research on Other Modes of Intervention
	Issues and Concerns About Research on Psychotherapy
		Concerns and Compromises in Therapy Research
		In Review Issues and Concerns about Research on Psychotherapy
	Chapter Summary
8 Psychoanalytic, Psychodynamic, and Humanistic Psychotherapies
	Contents
	Chapter Preview
	Psychoanalysis
		Freud’s Theory of Personality and Psychopathology
		Foundations of Psychoanalytic Therapy
		A Case Example of Psychoanalysis
		In Review Psychoanalysis
	Psychodynamic Psychotherapy
		Adler’s Individual Psychology
		Jung’s Analytical Psychology
		Ego Psychology
		Object Relations Therapy
		Relational Psychodynamic Psychotherapy
		Short-Term Psychodynamic Psychotherapy
		The Current Status of Psychodynamic Psychotherapy
		In Review Psychodynamic Psychotherapy
	Interpersonal Psychotherapy
		The Current Status of Interpersonal Psychotherapy
		In Review Interpersonal Psychotherapy
	Humanistic Psychotherapy
		Person-Centered Therapy
		The Goals of Person-Centered Therapy
		A Case Example of Person-Centered Therapy
		Gestalt Therapy
		Existential and Other Humanistic Approaches
		The Current Status of Humanistic Psychotherapy
		In Review Humanistic Psychotherapy
	Chapter Summary
9 Cognitive, Behavioral, and Acceptance-Based Psychotherapies
	Contents
	Chapter Preview
	Behavior Therapy
		Theoretical Foundations
		Assessment in Behavior Therapy
		Role of the Therapist
		Goals of Behavior Therapy
		Clinical Applications
		Exposure Techniques
		A Case Example of Exposure Treatment
		Social Skills Training
		Behavioral Activation and Activity Scheduling
		Aversion Therapy and Punishment
		A Case Example of Behavior Therapy
		In Review Behavior Therapy
	Cognitive Therapy
		Theoretical Foundations
		Goals of Cognitive Therapy
		Cognitive Therapy Methods
		In Review Cognitive Therapy
	Cognitive Behavior and Acceptance-Based Therapies
		Theoretical Foundations and Extensions
		Clinical Applications
		Integrating Cognitive Behavior and Acceptance-Based Therapies
		The Current Status of Cognitive Behavior and Acceptance-Based Therapies
		In Review Cognitive Behavior and Acceptance-Based Therapies
	Chapter Summary
10 Delivering Mental Health Services
	Contents
	Chapter Preview
	Dissemination and Implementation of Clinical Interventions
		The Challenges of Dissemination and Implementation
		New Models for Delivering Therapy
		In Review Dissemination and Implementation of Clinical Interventions
	Group Therapy
		Therapeutic Factors in Group Therapy
		The Practice of Group Therapy
		Cognitive Behavioral Group Therapy
		In Review Group Therapy
	Couples and Family Therapy
		Diagnosis in Couples and Family Therapy
		Couples Therapy Methods
		Family Therapy
		A Case Example of Family Therapy
		The Social Contexts of Couples and Family Therapy
		In Review Couples and Family Therapy
	Alternatives to In-Person Therapy by Mental Health Professionals
		Technological Innovations
		Non-Specialist Providers
		Prevention Science
		Community Psychology
		Self-Help
		Complementary and Alternative Medicine
		In Review Alternatives to In-Person Therapy with Mental Health Professionals
	Chapter Summary
11 Clinical Psychology for Youth and Older Adults
	Contents
	Chapter Preview
	A Brief History of Clinical Child Psychology
		In Review A Brief History of Clinical Child Psychology
	Unique Characteristics of Clinical Child Psychology
		A Focus on Developmental Stages
		Attention to the Contexts of Behavior
		Processes for Seeking Help
		Confidentiality
		In Review Unique Characteristics of Clinical Child Psychology
	Clinical Assessment of Children
		Special Considerations in Child Assessment
		Behavior Rating Scales
		Clinical Interviews
		Intelligence and Achievement Tests
		Projective Tests
		Behavioral Observations
		Understanding and Dealing with Inconsistent Assessment Information
		A Case Example
		In Review Clinical Assessment of Children
	Treatment and Prevention of Child and Adolescent Disorders
		Psychosocial Treatments for Disorders in Children and Adolescents
		Pharmacological Interventions
		A Case Example
		Prevention of Childhood Disorders
		In Review Treatment and Prevention of Child and Adolescent Disorders
	The Future of Clinical Child Psychology
		Diversity and Multiculturalism
		Access to Care
		Interdisciplinary Approaches to Research and Practice
		Technology and Youth Mental Health
	Clinical Geropsychology
		A Brief History of Clinical Geropsychology
		The Need for More Geropsychologists
		In Review Clinical Geropsychology
	Unique Characteristics of Clinical Geropsychology
		Training in Geropsychology
		Work Settings for Geropsychologists
		A Focus on Life-Span Development
		In Review Unique Characteristics of Clinical Geropsychology
	Clinical Assessment with Older Adults
		Assessment Methods with Older Adults
		A Case Example
		In Review Clinical Assessment with Older Adults
	Treatment of Older Adults
		Special Considerations in Treating Older Adults
		Treatment Methods and Settings
		Pharmacological Treatments
		A Case Example
		In Review Treatment of Older Adults
	The Future of Geropsychology
		Diversity and Multiculturalism
		Advancing Technology
	Chapter Summary
12 Clinical Psychology, Health, and Well-Being
	Contents
	Chapter Preview
	What Is Health Psychology?
		Stress, Coping, and Health
		Measuring Stressors
		Adaptive Coping Strategies
		Stress-Hardy Personality Characteristics
		Social Support
		In Review What Is Health Psychology?
	Risk Factors for Illness
		Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease
		In Review Risk Factors for Illness
	Illness Prevention and Treatment Programs
		Cardiovascular Diseases
		Pain
		Cancer
		HIV/AIDS
		In Review Illness Prevention and Treatment Programs
	Improving Adherence to Medical Treatment
		Causes of Nonadherence
		Interventions to Improve Adherence
		In Review Improving Adherence to Medical Treatment
	A Case Example of Health Psychology
	Chapter Summary
13 Clinical Neuropsychology
	Contents
	Chapter Preview
	A Brief History of Neuropsychology
		Early Influences
		Development of Neuropsychological Assessment Techniques
		Split-Brain Research
		Research on Normal Brains
		In Review A Brief History of Neuropsychology
	Basic Principles of Neuropsychology
		A Modern View of Localization of Function
		Modules and Networks
		Levels of Interaction
		Lateralization of Function
		In Review Basic Principles of Neuropsychology
	Patterns of Neuropsychological Dysfunction
		Occipital Lobe Dysfunction
		Parietal Lobe Dysfunction
		Temporal Lobe Dysfunction
		Frontal Lobe Dysfunction
		Neuropsychological Syndromes
		In Review Patterns of Neuropsychological Dysfunction
	Neuropsychological Assessment
		Neuropsychological Test Batteries
		Individualized Approaches to Neuropsychological Testing
		Neuropsychological Assessment and Rehabilitation
		In Review Neuropsychological Assessment
	Neuropsychological Approaches to Psychopathology
		Depression
		Schizophrenia
		Developmental Disorders
		In Review Neuropsychological Approaches to Psychopathology
	The Current Status of Clinical Neuropsychology
	Chapter Summary
14 Forensic Psychology
	Contents
	Chapter Preview
	The Scope of Forensic Psychology
		In Review The Scope of Forensic Psychology
	Criminal Competence and Responsibility
		Criminal Competence
		Assessing Competence
		The Insanity Defense
		Assessing Sanity
		Reforming the Insanity Defense
		In Review Criminal Competence and Responsibility
	Assessing Psychological Status in Civil Cases
		Assessing Psychological Damage in Tort Cases
		Workers’ Compensation Cases
		Civil Competencies
		In Review Assessing Psychological Status in Civil Cases
	Psychological Autopsies and Criminal Profiling
		Psychological Autopsies
		Criminal Profiling
		In Review Psychological Autopsies and Criminal Profiling
	Child Custody and Parental Fitness
		Child Custody Disputes
		Custody Mediation
		Termination of Parental Rights
		In Review Child Custody and Parental Fitness
	Mental Health Experts in the Legal System
		In Review Mental Health Experts in the Legal System
	Chapter Summary
15 Training and Practice Issues in Clinical Psychology
	Contents
	Chapter Preview
	Professional Training
		The Boulder Conference
		The Vail Conference
		The Salt Lake City Conference
		The Delaware Conference
		Clinical Psychology Training Today
		Professional Schools and the Doctor of Psychology (Psy.D.) Degree
		Clinical Psychology Training Models
		Evaluating Clinical Psychology Training
		The Internship Imbalance
		In Review Professional Training
	Professional Regulation
		Certification and Licensure
		ABPP Certification
		In Review Professional Regulation
	Professional Ethics
		Ethical Standards of the American Psychological Association
		Implementation of Ethical Standards
		Dealing with Ethical Violations
		Other Ethical Standards
		Regulation Through State Laws
		Regulation Through Malpractice Litigation
		In Review Professional Ethics
	Professional Independence
		The Economics of Mental Health Care
		Independent Practice
		Prescription Privileges
		In Review Professional Independence
	Professional Multicultural Competence
	A Case Study of Culturally Competent Therapy
		In Review Professional Multicultural Competence
	The Future of Clinical Psychology
		Training
		Psychotherapy Integration
		Interdisciplinary Science and Practice
		Positive Psychology
		Spirituality
		Technology
		Dissemination
		Outreach to National and International Communities
		A Final Word
		In Review The Future of Clinical Psychology
	Chapter Summary
16 Getting into Graduate School in Clinical Psychology
	Contents
	Chapter Preview
	What Types of Graduate Programs Will Help Me Meet My Career Goals?
		Research Versus Clinical Emphasis?
		M.A., Ph.D., or Psy.D.?
	Am I Ready to Make the Commitment Required by Graduate Programs at This Time in My Life?
		Time Commitments
		Financial Commitments
		Academic and Emotional Commitments
	Are My Credentials Strong Enough for Graduate School in Clinical Psychology?
		Undergraduate Coursework and Experience
		Graduate Record Exam Scores
		Grade Point Average
		Letters of Recommendation
		Given My Credentials, to What Type of Program Can I Realistically Aspire?
	I Have Decided to Apply to Graduate School in Clinical Psychology. What Should I Do Now?
		How Do I Get Information About Graduate Programs and Identify “Good” Ones?
		What Does It Mean When a Clinical Psychology Graduate Program is Accredited by the American Psychological Association?
		What Does it Mean When a Clinical Psychology Graduate Program is Accredited by the Psychological Clinical Science Accreditation System?
		When Should I Apply, and What Kind of Timeline Should I Expect?
		To How Many Programs Should I Apply?
		How Much Will It Cost to Apply?
		What Testing is Involved in Applying to Graduate School?
		What is the GRE?
		Should I Study for the GRE?
		How Important is My Grade Point Average?
		Will I Need Letters of Recommendation? If so, How Many and from Whom?
		What Should I Know About Asking for Letters of Recommendation?
		Will I Be Able to See My Letters of Recommendation?
		What Should I Include in My Personal Statement?
		Are Personal Interviews Required?
		How Do I Prepare for an Onsite Interview?
		What Kind of Financial Aid Is Available for Graduate Study?
		When I Am Admitted to a Program, How Long Will I Have to Make a Decision About Whether to Accept?
		Will I Be Successful in Gaining Admission?
		What Are Your Rights as a Graduate Student?
	Chapter Summary
References
Answer Key
	Chapter 1
	Chapter 2
	Chapter 3
	Chapter 4
	Chapter 5
	Chapter 6
	Chapter 7
	Chapter 8
	Chapter 9
	Chapter 10
	Chapter 11
	Chapter 12
	Chapter 13
	Chapter 14
	Chapter 15
Name Index
Subject Index