Introduction to Chemistry (Zambak)

hapter 1
CHEMISTRY, A UNIQUE SCIENCE
INTRODUCTION  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8
1. WHY CHEMISTRY?  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9
Reading : Chemistry is Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10
2. WHAT IS SCIENCE? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12
Reading : A Short History of Chemistry  . . . . . . . .14
3. THE EXPERIMENTAL WORLD OF CHEMISTRY 16
3.1. CHEMISTRY IS AN EXPERIMENTAL
SCIENCE  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16
3.2 . WORKING IN A CHEMISTRY LABORATORY  .16
Safety Rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17
Laboratory Equipment  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18
Hazard Warning Symbols  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19
4. BASIC MEASUREMENTS AND CHEMISTRY  . .20
4.1. UNITS AND QUANTITIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20
4.2. MULTIPLIERS AND UNIT CONVERSION  . .21
SUPPLEMENTARY QUESTIONS  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25
PUZZLE  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .26
Chapter 2
MATTER
INTRODUCTION  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28
1. MATTER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28
2. STATES OF MATTER  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29
2.1. SOLID STATE  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30
2.2. LIQUID STATE  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30
2.3. GASEOUS STATE  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30
3. CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32
3.1. PURE SUBSTANCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32
Elements  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33
Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34
3.2. MIXTURES  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35
Reading : A Gas Mixture: Air  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36
4. PROPERTIES OF MATTER  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37
4.1. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37
4.2. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .38
Extensive Properties  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .38
Intensive Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .38
Some Important Physical Properties  . . . . . .38
a. Density . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .38
b. Melting Point (mp) and Freezing Point (fp) 39
c. Boiling Point (bp)  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40
d. Solubility  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41
5. SEPARATION OF MIXTURES  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42
5.1. BY MEANS OF THE USE ELECTRICITY  . .42
5.2. BY MEANS OF THE USE OF A MAGNET  .42
5.3. BY MEANS OF DENSITY DIFFERENCES  .43
5.4. BY MEANS OF SOLUBILITY  . . . . . . . . . . . .43
5.5. BY MEANS OF THE PROCESS OF
DISTILLATION  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44
SUPPLEMENTARY QUESTIONS  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47
PUZZLE  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .48
Chapter 3
ATOM
INTRODUCTION  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50
1. ATOM  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .51
2. SUBATOMIC PARTICLES  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .52
3. ISOTOPES   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .55
4. IONS  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .56
5. THE ATOMIC TERMINOLOGY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .57
5.1. ATOMIC NUMBER (Z) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .57
5.2. ATOMIC MASS NUMBER (A)  . . . . . . . . . . .57
X Representation  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .59
5.3. RELATIVE ATOMIC MASS AND RELATIVE
FORMULA MASS  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .60
5.4. AVERAGE ATOMIC MASS  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .61
SUPPLEMENTARY QUESTIONS  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .62
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .63
PUZZLE  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .64
Chapter 4
COMPOUNDS
INTRODUCTION  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .66
1. IONIC COMPOUNDS  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .67
Ionic Bond  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .67
Properties of Ionic Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . .67
2. MOLECULAR COMPOUNDS 
(COVALENT COMPOUNDS)  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .68
Covalent Bond  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .68
a. Nonpolar Covalent Bond  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .68
b. Polar Covalent Bond  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .68
Properties of Molecular Compounds . . . . . . . .68
3. NAMES OF IONS  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .69
Formula of Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .70
Writing Formulas of Ionic Compounds  . . . . . .71
Finding the Oxidation Number of an Element
in a Compound  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .72
4. NAMING COMPOUNDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .74
4.1. NAMING IONIC COMPOUNDS . . . . . . . . . .74
4.2. NAMING MOLECULAR COMPOUNDS  . . .76
Law of Definite Proportion (Proust’s Law)  . .77
SUPPLEMENTARY QUESTIONS  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .78
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .79
PUZZLE  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .80
Chapter 5
MOLE CONCEPT
INTRODUCTION  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .82
1. MOLE  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .82
2. AVOGADRO’S NUMBER  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .83
3. MOLAR MASS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .84
4. MOLAR VOLUME OF GASES  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .85
5. THE MOLE CONCEPT CALCULATIONS  . . . . . .86
5.1. MOLE - NUMBER OF PARTICLE 
RELATIONSHIP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .86
5.2. MOLE - MASS RELATIONSHIP  . . . . . . . . .88
5.3. MOLE - VOLUME RELATIONSHIP  . . . . . . .89
6. SEVERAL TYPES OF PROBLEMS  . . . . . . . . . . .90
6.1. FINDING DENSITY OF A GAS AT STP  . . .90
6.2. MASS PERCENTAGE OF ELEMENTS IN A
COMPOUND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .90
6.3. CALCULATION OF EMPIRICAL
FORMULA BY MASS PERCENTAGES  . . .91
6.4. DETERMINING MOLECULAR FORMULA  .92
6.5. MIXTURE PROBLEMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .93
SUPPLEMENTARY QUESTIONS  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .94
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .95
PUZZLE  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .96
APPENDICES  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .98
GLOSSARY  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .102
ANSWERS  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .104
INDEX  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .111
REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .112