Introduction to Bryophytes

Cover......Page 1
Half-title......Page 3
Title......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Contents......Page 7
Preface......Page 9
1 Evolutionary significance of bryophytes......Page 11
1.1 What do we call a bryophyte?......Page 12
1.2 Bryophytes are embryophytes......Page 18
1.3 Bryophytes and land plant evolution......Page 19
1.3.1 Bryophytes and the transition to land: evidence from fossils......Page 20
1.3.2 Phylogeny of the early land plants......Page 22
1.4.1 Descent by common ancestry: the ontogenetic tool kit of land plants......Page 25
1.4.2 Independent attempts towards an adapted terrestrial body within land plants......Page 26
2.1 Water and biogeochemical cycles......Page 36
2.2 Vegetation succession and soil formation......Page 44
2.3 Bryophytes as food and as shelter......Page 50
3.1.1 Gametophyte......Page 53
3.1.2 Sporophyte......Page 65
3.1.3 Asexual reproduction......Page 69
3.1.4 Symbiotic associations......Page 71
3.2 Classification and macroevolution......Page 72
3.3 Biogeography and ecology......Page 75
4.1.1 Gametophyte......Page 80
4.1.2 Sporophyte......Page 97
4.1.3 Asexual reproduction......Page 109
4.1.4 Symbiotic associations......Page 110
4.2 Classification and macroevolution......Page 111
4.3 Biogeography and ecology......Page 114
5.1.1 Gametophyte......Page 116
5.1.2 Sporophyte......Page 122
5.1.4 Symbiotic associations......Page 128
5.2 Classification and macroevolution......Page 130
5.3 Biogeography and ecology......Page 131
6 Biogeography......Page 134
6.1 Bryophyte diversity and distribution patterns......Page 137
6.2.1 Plate tectonics......Page 140
6.2.2.1 Dispersal mode......Page 142
6.2.2.2 How and how far are bryophytes dispersed?......Page 143
6.2.2.3 The influence of humans in bryophyte distribution patterns......Page 149
6.3 Evolutionary significance of bryophyte distribution patterns......Page 151
7.1 Global ecology......Page 179
7.2 Landscape ecology......Page 182
7.3.1 Ecological niche......Page 188
7.3.2.1 Positive interactions......Page 192
7.3.2.2 Competitive exclusion......Page 194
7.3.3 The necessity to move and adapt within a dynamic landscape: the trade-off of life strategies......Page 200
8.1.1 Adaptive strategies to drought......Page 211
8.1.2 Degrees of desiccation tolerance among bryophytes......Page 214
8.1.3.1 Protective mechanisms involved in desiccation......Page 217
8.1.4.1 Main functional differences between bryophytes and vascular plants......Page 218
8.1.4.2 Specificities of the physiology of desiccation tolerance in bryophytes......Page 220
8.2 Light......Page 221
8.3.1 Nutrient uptake and translocation......Page 228
8.3.2 Nutrient requirements......Page 229
8.4.1.1 Temperature optimum......Page 232
8.4.1.2 Tolerance to extreme temperatures and relation to water status......Page 234
8.4.2 Consequences for species distributions and phenology......Page 237
9.1 Impact of pollution on bryophytes......Page 240
9.1.1 Acidification......Page 241
9.1.2 Eutrophication......Page 245
9.2 Application to bioindication......Page 250
9.2.1 Indirect biomonitoring......Page 251
9.2.2 Direct biomonitoring......Page 253
9.3 Adaptation to a changing environment......Page 255
10 Conservation biology......Page 258
10.1.2 Level of threat in the bryophyte floras......Page 259
10.1.3 Implementation of threat levels in legislation......Page 260
10.2.1 Direct threats......Page 263
10.2.2 Indirect threats......Page 264
10.3.2 Management of protected areas......Page 270
10.3.3 Reintroduction and ex situ conservation......Page 272
10.4 Restoration ecology......Page 274
10.4.1.1 Dispersal limitations for recolonization......Page 275
10.4.1.2 Unsuitability of ecological conditions in mined peat bogs for recolonization......Page 277
10.4.2 Modalities of peatland restoration......Page 278
Glossary......Page 282
References......Page 293
Index......Page 320