Introduction to Bionanotechnology

Preface
Contents
About the Authors
Chapter 1: Introduction to Nanotechnology and Bionanotechnology
	1.1 The Era of Nanotechnology
		1.1.1 Nanotechnology: A Historical Perspective
		1.1.2 Powerful Assistant for Nanotechnology: Scanning Probe Microscopes (SPMs)
	1.2 Biotechnology and Nanotechnology Meet at Intersection
		1.2.1 Background and Definition of Nanotechnology and Bionanotechnology
			1.2.1.1 Nanotechnology
			1.2.1.2 Biotechnology
			1.2.1.3 Bionanotechnology
			1.2.1.4 Natural Biological Assembly at the Nano-Scale
		1.2.2 Notable Prospects of Bionanotechnology
			1.2.2.1 Why Bionanotechnology?
			1.2.2.2 How Does Bionanotechnology Inspire Other Disciplines?
	1.3 Summary
	References
Chapter 2: Fundamental of Biological Systems and Bionanotechnology
	2.1 Nucleic Acid in Bionanotechnology
		2.1.1 DNA as a Biomaterial in Bionanotechnology
		2.1.2 Structural DNA Nanotechnology
			2.1.2.1 DNA Origami
			2.1.2.2 DNA Origami Devices
	2.2 Peptides and Proteins in Bionanotechnology
		2.2.1 The Supramolecular Structure of Peptides and Proteins
		2.2.2 Sensors Based Peptides and Proteins
	2.3 The Biological System of the Elements (BSE)
		2.3.1 Interelemental Correlations
		2.3.2 The Biological Function of Elements
	2.4 Information Flows in Biological Systems
		2.4.1 Transcription: DNA to RNA
		2.4.2 Translation: RNA to Protein
	2.5 Summary and Outlooks
	References
Chapter 3: Bionanomaterials Production
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Microorganism-Based Synthesis of NPs
		3.2.1 Synthesis of NPs by Bacteria
			3.2.1.1 Silver Nanoparticles (ag NPs)
			3.2.1.2 Gold Nanoparticles (au NPs)
			3.2.1.3 Other Metal and Metallic Oxide NPs
		3.2.2 NPs Synthesized by Fungi
		3.2.3 NPs Synthesized by Yeast
	3.3 Plant Extracts-Based Synthesis of NPs
		3.3.1 Synthesis of NPs Using Leaf Extracts
		3.3.2 Synthesis of NPs Using Seed Extracts
		3.3.3 Synthesis of NPs Using Fruit Extracts
		3.3.4 Synthesis of NPs Using Root Extracts
		3.3.5 Synthesis of NPs Using Flower Extracts
	3.4 Polysaccharide-Based Synthesis of NPs
		3.4.1 Synthesis of NPs from Alginate
		3.4.2 Synthesis of NPs from Chitosan
		3.4.3 Synthesis of NPs from Dextran
	3.5 Genetically Engineered Escherichia coli
	3.6 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 4: Interaction of Nanomaterials with Biological Systems
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Interaction of Nanomaterials with Biological Systems
		4.2.1 Protein Binding
		4.2.2 Ligand-Mediated Interactions
		4.2.3 Interactions during Intracellular Processing
	4.3 Applications
		4.3.1 Bio-Barcodes Assay
		4.3.2 Contrast Agents for Cell Imaging
		4.3.3 Theranostic Nanoparticles (NPs)
		4.3.4 Targeted Therapies
		4.3.5 Combined Drug Therapies
	4.4 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 5: Bionanotechnology: Biological Self-Assembly
	5.1 Biological Self-Assembly
	5.2 Self-Assembly of Proteins and Peptides
	5.3 Self-Assembly of Surface (S)-Layer Structure
	5.4 Self-Assembly of Phospholipids Membranes
	5.5 Self-Assembly of Viruses
	5.6 Summary
	References
Chapter 6: Bio-Nanorobotics: Mimicking Life at the Nanoscale
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Bio-Nanorobotic Systems
		6.2.1 Overview
		6.2.2 Bionanomolecular Machines
			6.2.2.1 The ATPase Motor
			6.2.2.2 Kinesin and Myosin Motors
			6.2.2.3 The Flagella Motors
			6.2.2.4 Other Motors
			6.2.2.5 DNA-Based Molecular Nanomachines
	6.3 Design and Control for Bio-Nanorobotic Systems
		6.3.1 The Pathways of Construction
			6.3.1.1 Bio-Nano Components
			6.3.1.2 Assembled Bio-Nano Robots
			6.3.1.3 Distributive Intelligence, Programming, and Control
			6.3.1.4 Automatic Fabrication and Information Processing Machines
		6.3.2 Design Architecture for the Bio-Nano Robotic Systems
			6.3.2.1 Modular Organization
			6.3.2.2 The Universal Template — Bio-Nano Stem System
		6.3.3 Control Architecture for the Bio-Nanorobotic Systems
			6.3.3.1 Internal Control Mechanism
			6.3.3.2 External Control Mechanism
	6.4 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 7: Bioanalytical Techniques for Bionanotechnology
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Fudamentals of Using Biomolecular as Sensors in Bionanotechnology
	7.3 Commonly-Applied Bioanalytical Techniques in Bionanotechnology
		7.3.1 X-Ray Crystallography Provides Atomic Structures
		7.3.2 NMR Spectroscopy May be Used to Derive Atomic Structures
		7.3.3 Electron Microscopy Reveals Molecular Morphology
		7.3.4 Atomic Force Microscopy Probes the Surface of Biomolecules
	7.4 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 8: Bionanotechnology in Medicine
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Applications of Bionanotechnology in Diagnostics
		8.2.1 Nanostructures and Nanosystems in Diagnostics
			8.2.1.1 Nanopores
			8.2.1.2 Nano Self-Assembled Systems
			8.2.1.3 Cantilevers
			8.2.1.4 Microarrays and Nanoarrays
		8.2.2 Nanoparticles (NPs) in Diagnostics
			8.2.2.1 Quantum Dots (QDs)
			8.2.2.2 Dendrimers
			8.2.2.3 Fullerenes and Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs)
			8.2.2.4 Paramagnetic Iron Oxide Crystals
		8.2.3 Biosensors in Diagnostics
	8.3 Applications of Bionanotechnology in Therapeutics
		8.3.1 Nano Self-Assembled Systems in Delivery of Therapeutic Agents
		8.3.2 Other Nanostructures and Nanosystems in Medical Applications
		8.3.3 Nanoparticles (NPs) in Molecular/Therapeutic Imaging
	8.4 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 9: Bionanotechnology in Pharmaceuticals
	9.1 Dendrimers
		9.1.1 Dendrimers in Biosensors
		9.1.2 Gene delivery
	9.2 Micelles
		9.2.1 Micelles in Drug Delivery
		9.2.2 DNA Micelles
	9.3 Liposomes
		9.3.1 Liposomes in Clinical Applications
		9.3.2 Liposomes for Delivery of Protein and Peptides
	9.4 Lipid Particles
	9.5 Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs)
		9.5.1 Functionalization of CNTs
	9.6 Future Outlooks
	References
Chapter 10: Bionanotechnology in Biotechnology
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Bionanotechnology in Molecular Biology
		10.2.1 Detection of Proteins
		10.2.2 Separation and Purification of Biological Molecules
		10.2.3 Detection Pathogens
		10.2.4 Lab-on-a-Chip for Biomolecule Application
	10.3 Bionanotechnology in Biomedical Engineering
		10.3.1 Tissue Engineering
		10.3.2 Genetic Engineering
		10.3.3 Biomechanics Engineering
	10.4 Bionanotechnology in Bioimaging
		10.4.1 Hollow Nanocapsules in Biomedical Imaging Applications
		10.4.2 NPs as Contrast Agents for Optoacoustic (OA) Imaging
		10.4.3 Radio-Labeled NPs for Biomedical Imaging
	10.5 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 11: Bionanotechnology in Agriculture, Food, Cosmetic and Cosmeceutical
	11.1 Bionanotechnology in Agriculture
		11.1.1 Bionano-Pesticides
		11.1.2 Bionano-Fertilizers
	11.2 Bionanotechnology in Food
		11.2.1 Food Safety
		11.2.2 Food Packaging
	11.3 Bionanotechnology in Cosmetic and Cosmeceutical
		11.3.1 Organic Nanoparticles (NPs)
		11.3.2 Inorganic Nanoparticles (NPs)
	11.4 Summary
	References
Chapter 12: Bionanotechnology in Environment
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 Plastic Replacement
		12.2.1 Polylactic Acid (PLA)
		12.2.2 Polylactic Acid (PLA) Composite for Plastics Replacement
	12.3 Wastewater Treatment
		12.3.1 Elastin-Like Polypeptides (ELP)
		12.3.2 Graphene Oxide (GO) Gels
		12.3.3 Chitosan
		12.3.4 Biopolymers from Plant Extracts
		12.3.5 Cellulose Nanomaterials
	12.4 Conclusion
	References