Introduction to Anthropology

Contents
Preface
Chapter 1 What Is Anthropology?
	Introduction
	1.1 The Study of Humanity, or "Anthropology Is Vast"
	1.2 The Four-Field Approach: Four Approaches within the Guiding Narrative
	1.3 Overcoming Ethnocentrism
	1.4 Western Bias in Our Assumptions about Humanity
	1.5 Holism, Anthropology’s Distinctive Approach
	1.6 Cross-Cultural Comparison and Cultural Relativism
	1.7 Reaching for an Insider’s Point of View
	Key Terms
	Summary
	Critical Thinking Questions
	Bibliography
Chapter 2 Methods: Cultural and Archaeological
	Introduction
	2.1 Archaeological Research Methods
	2.2 Conservation and Naturalism
	2.3 Ethnography and Ethnology
	2.4 Participant Observation and Interviewing
	2.5 Quantitative and Qualitative Analysis
	2.6 Collections
	Key Terms
	Summary
	Critical Thinking Questions
	Bibliography
Chapter 3 Culture Concept Theory: Theories of Cultural Change
	Introduction
	3.1 The Homeyness of Culture
	3.2 The Winkiness of Culture
	3.3 The Elements of Culture
	3.4 The Aggregates of Culture
	3.5 Modes of Cultural Analysis
	3.6 The Paradoxes of Culture
	Key Terms
	Summary
	Critical Thinking Questions
	Bibliography
Chapter 4 Biological Evolution and Early Human Evidence
	Introduction
	4.1 What Is Biological Anthropology?
	4.2 What’s in a Name? The Science of Taxonomy
	4.3 It’s All in the Genes! The Foundation of Evolution
	4.4 Evolution in Action: Past and Present
	4.5 What Is a Primate?
	4.6 Origin of and Classification of Primates
	4.7 Our Ancient Past: The Earliest Hominins
	Key Terms
	Summary
	Critical Thinking Questions
	Bibliography
Chapter 5 The Genus Homo and the Emergence of Us
	Introduction
	5.1 Defining the Genus Homo
	5.2 Tools and Brains: Homo habilis, Homo ergaster, and Homo erectus
	5.3 The Emergence of Us: The Archaic Homo
	5.4 Tracking Genomes: Our Human Story Unfolds
	Key Terms
	Summary
	Critical Thinking Questions
	Bibliography
Chapter 6 Language and Communication
	Introduction
	6.1 The Emergence and Development of Language
	6.2 Language and the Mind
	6.3 Language, Community, and Culture
	6.4 Performativity and Ritual
	6.5 Language and Power
	Key Terms
	Summary
	Critical Thinking Questions
	Bibliography
Chapter 7 Work, Life, and Value: Economic Anthropology
	Introduction
	7.1 Economies: Two Ways to Study Them
	7.2 Modes of Subsistence
	7.3 Gathering and Hunting
	7.4 Pastoralism
	7.5 Plant Cultivation: Horticulture and Agriculture
	7.6 Exchange, Value, and Consumption
	7.7 Industrialism and Postmodernity
	Key Terms
	Summary
	Critical Thinking Questions
	Bibliography
Chapter 8 Authority, Decisions, and Power: Political Anthropology
	Introduction
	8.1 Colonialism and the Categorization of Political Systems
	8.2 Acephalous Societies: Bands and Tribes
	8.3 Centralized Societies: Chiefdoms and States
	8.4 Modern Nation-States
	8.5 Resistance, Revolution, and Social Movements
	Key Terms
	Summary
	Critical Thinking Questions
	Bibliography
Chapter 9 Social Inequalities
	Introduction
	9.1 Theories of Inequity and Inequality
	9.2 Systems of Inequality
	9.3 Intersections of Inequality
	9.4 Studying In: Addressing Inequities within Anthropology
	Key Terms
	Critical Thinking Questions
	Bibliography
Chapter 10 The Global Impact of Human Migration
	Introduction
	10.1 Peopling of the World
	10.2 Early Global Movements and Cultural Hybridity
	10.3 Peasantry and Urbanization
	10.4 Inequality along the Margins
	Key Terms
	Summary
	Critical Thinking Questions
	Bibliography
Chapter 11 Forming Family through Kinship
	Introduction
	11.1 What Is Kinship?
	11.2 Defining Family and Household
	11.3 Reckoning Kinship across Cultures
	11.4 Marriage and Families across Cultures
	Key Terms
	Summary
	Critical Thinking Questions
	Bibliography
Chapter 12 Gender and Sexuality
	Introduction
	12.1 Sex, Gender, and Sexuality in Anthropology
	12.2 Performing Gender Categories
	12.3 The Power of Gender: Patriarchy and Matriarchy
	12.4 Sexuality and Queer Anthropology
	Key Terms
	Summary
	Critical Thinking Questions
	Bibliography
Chapter 13 Religion and Culture
	Introduction
	13.1 What Is Religion?
	13.2 Symbolic and Sacred Space
	13.3 Myth and Religious Doctrine
	13.4 Rituals of Transition and Conformity
	13.5 Other Forms of Religious Practice
	Key Terms
	Summary
	Critical Thinking Questions
	Bibliography
Chapter 14 Anthropology of Food
	Introduction
	14.1 Food as a Material Artifact
	14.2 A Biocultural Approach to Food
	14.3 Food and Cultural Identity
	14.4 The Globalization of Food
	Key Terms
	Summary
	Critical Thinking Questions
	Bibliography
Chapter 15 Anthropology of Media
	Introduction
	15.1 Putting the Mass into Media
	15.2 Putting Culture into Media Studies
	15.3 Visual Anthropology and Ethnographic Film
	15.4 Photography, Representation, and Memory
	15.5 News Media, the Public Sphere, and Nationalism
	15.6 Community, Development, and Broadcast Media
	15.7 Broadcasting Modernity and National Identity
	15.8 Digital Media, New Socialities
	Key Terms
	Summary
	Critical Thinking Questions
	Bibliography
Chapter 16 Art, Music, and Sport
	Introduction
	16.1 Anthropology of the Arts
	16.2 Anthropology of Music
	16.3 An Anthropological View of Sport throughout Time
	16.4 Anthropology, Representation, and Performance
	Key Terms
	Summary
	Critical Thinking Questions
	Bibliography
Chapter 17 Medical Anthropology
	Introduction
	17.1 What Is Medical Anthropology?
	17.2 Ethnomedicine
	17.3 Theories and Methods
	17.4 Applied Medical Anthropology
	Key Terms
	Summary
	Critical Thinking Questions
	Bibliography
Chapter 18 Human-Animal Relationship
	Introduction
	18.1 Humans and Animals
	18.2 Animals and Subsistence
	18.3 Symbolism and Meaning of Animals
	18.4 Pet-Keeping
	18.5 Animal Industries and the Animal Trade
	Key Terms
	Summary
	Critical Thinking Questions
	Bibliography
Chapter 19 Indigenous Anthropology
	Introduction
	19.1 Indigenous Peoples
	19.2 Colonization and Anthropology
	19.3 Indigenous Agency and Rights
	19.4 Applied and Public Anthropology and Indigenous Peoples
	Key Terms
	Summary
	Critical Thinking Questions
	Bibliography
Chapter 20 Anthropology on the Ground
	Introduction
	20.1 Our Challenging World Today
	20.2 Why Anthropology Matters
	20.3 What Anthropologists Can Do
	Key Terms
	Summary
	Critical Thinking Questions
	Bibliography
Index