Introducing Phonetic Science

Cover
Title Page
Copyright
Contents
1 Introduction to speech
	Introduction
	Sounds and symbols
	Transcribing sounds
	Types of transcription
	Syllables
	Segments: vowels and consonants
	Suprasegmentals
	Speech as an acoustic signal
	Writing systems
	The relationship between speech and writing
	Problems with syllables and segments
	Chapter summary
	Exercises
	Further reading
2 Voice
	Introduction
	The larynx
	Vocal folds
	Voiced and voiceless sounds
	Observing vocal fold vibration
	Voicing in languages
	Whisper
	Aperiodic waves
	Chapter summary
	Exercises
	Further reading
3 Place of articulation
	Introduction
	A brief tour of the vocal tract
	Articulation
	Place
	Complex articulations
	Homorganic sounds
	Instrumental techniques
	Places of articulation used in languages of the world
	Chapter summary
	Exercises
	Further reading
4 Manner of articulation
	Introduction
	Airflow, pressure, turbulence
	Degree of stricture: obstruent and sonorant
	Stops: oral and nasal, plosive and affricate
	Fricatives: median and lateral
	Approximants: median and lateral
	Taps, flaps and trills
	Voice, place, manner labels
	Use of manners of articulation in the world’s languages
	Chapter summary
	Exercises
	Further reading
5 Vowels
	Introduction
	Spectrum and resonance
	Vowel articulation
	Long and short vowels
	Oral and nasalised vowels
	Monophthong vs diphthong
	The vowel quadrilateral
	Cardinal vowels
	Vowel systems
	Vowel instability and variability
	Chapter summary
	Exercises
	Further reading
6 Voice II
	Introduction
	Voice Onset Time
	Aspiration
	Devoicing
	Phonation type
	Chapter summary
	Exercises
	Further reading
7 Airstream mechanisms
	Introduction
	Airstream generatio
	Ejectives
	Implosives
	Clicks
	Chapter summary
	Exercises
	Further reading
8 Speech sounds and speech movements
	Introduction
	Primary and secondary articulation
	The linguistic use of secondary articulation
	Coarticulation
	Acoustic and physiological data
	Chapter summary
	Exercises
	Further reading
9 Basic phonological concepts
	Contrast
	Minimal pair
	Environment and distribution
	Alternation
	Phonological processes
	Features
	Underlying and surface forms
	Phonological rules
	The syllable
	Phonotactics
	Chapter summary
	Exercises
	Further reading
10 Suprasegmentals
	Introduction
	Fundamental frequency and pitch
	Stress
	Rhythm
	Lexical tone
	Intonation
	Paralinguistic features
	Chapter summary
	Exercises
	Further reading
11 Speaker and hearer
	Introduction
	The hearing mechanism
	Visual cues
	Speech perception tests
	Cue redundancy
	Speech development
	Hearing impairments
	Chapter summary
	Further reading
Glossary
Solutions to the exercises
Index