Introducing Linguistics: A Graphic Guide

Title Page
Copyright
Contents
A Brief History of Linguistics
An Indian Linguist
The Greek Origins of Linguistics
Grammar or Parts of Speech
Latin Grammar
Traditional Grammar
The Port-Royal Grammar
Historical Linguistics
Ferdinand de Saussure
Saussure’s Lectures on General Linguistics
Saussure’s Structuralism
An Example from English
An Example from Spanish
Synchronic and Diachronic Structures
Trubetzkoy’s Phonology
Jakobson’s Work on Linguistics
Jakobson and Semiotics
The Origins of American Linguistics
Sapir’s General Linguistics
The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
Example of the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
A Pioneer of American Structuralism
Post-Bloomfieldian Structruralists
The Formalism of Zellig Harris
Chomsky’s Generative Grammar
Transformational Grammar
Chomsky’s Programme
Paradox of the TG Programme
The Functional Approach
What Does “Function” Communicate?
Systemic Functional Linguistics: Texts
Cognitive Linguistics
Gendering Nouns
Dyirbal Noun Genders
Language Perception Differences
Greek Perception of Time
Metaphor
What is Language?
Natural Language
Our Language Faculty
What’s Special About Human Languages?
What do all Languages Have in Common?
Linguistic Abilities
Language Media
Units of Writing
Duality of Patterning
Sign Languages
Nicaraguan Sign Language
Grammar and Word Order
Different Examples of Word Order and Location
Tense and Time
Grammatical Differences
Sign Language Grammar
The Written Record of Language
And Further Back …
… to Old English
The Never-ending Story
Conservative Prescriptivism
Historical Perspectives
Explaining Systemic Correspondence
The Indo-European Family and PIE
The Remote Origins of English
Eastern Ancestors of PIE
The Saussurean Paradox
Sociolinguistic Studies of Variation
Male-versus-Female Speech
Variation and Social Context
Semantics
Meanings Occur in Connections
Pragmatics
Pragmatic Issues
Extending Pragmatics
Where Does Language Come From?
Skinner’s Thesis Attacked by Chomsky
Children Construct Rules
Example of Active Construction
Creating a Language
Pidgin
Creoles
Chomsky’s Universal Grammar
What is the Rule?
Linguistic Nativism
Obstacles to Confirming UG
Respectively, with Respect
Innate or Acquired?
Language Planning
Engineering Basque
Standard English
Sexism in Language
Sexist Attitudes
Descriptivism
Disordered Language
Wernicke’s Aphasia
Neurolinguistics
Specific Language Impairment
Williams Syndrome
A Psycholinguistic View of Language
A Problem of Faulty Genes
How Did Language Originate?
What Do We Know Today?
When Did Language Begin?
The Gradualist Theory
The Catastrophic Theory
Criticism of the Gradualist View
Bickerton’s Conclusion
Another Cognitive Example
Differences of Metaphor
Conflicting Speculations
The Purposes of Language
Further Reading
Index
Biographies