Introducing Blockchain Applications: Understand and Develop Blockchain Applications Through Distributed Systems

Table of Contents
About the Author
About the Technical Reviewer
Acknowledgments
Chapter 1: Introducing Blockchain Applications Through Distributed Systems
	1.1 Blockchain Use Cases
	1.2 What This Book Covers
Chapter 2: An Introduction to Blockchain
	2.1 A Short History of Blockchain
	2.2 Applications Using Blockchain
	2.3 Why Blockchain Matters
	2.4 Summary
Chapter 3: Bitcoin
	3.1 The History of Bitcoin
		3.1.1 Linked Timestamping and the Merkle Tree
		3.1.2 Distributed Consensus
	3.2 Proof of Work
		3.2.1 Nakamoto’s Genius
	3.3 Key and Address
		3.3.1 Private Key
		3.3.2 Public Key
		3.3.3 Bitcoin Address
		3.3.4 Digital Signature
			3.3.4.1 Verifying a Digital Signature
			3.3.4.2 Understanding the ECDSA Sign/Verify Math
	3.4 The Transaction
		3.4.1 The Unspent Transaction Output (UTXO)
		3.4.2 Input and Output (I&O)
		3.4.3 Pay to Public Key Hash (P2PKH)
		3.4.4 Looking at the Output Side
		3.4.5 Looking at the Input Side
		3.4.6 Validation Process
		3.4.7 Transaction Structure
		3.4.8 Transaction Fee
	3.5 Transaction Flow
	3.6 The Block
		3.6.1 The Structure of a Block
		3.6.2 The Block Header
	3.7 The Nakamoto Consensus
		3.7.1 Miner
		3.7.2 Coinbase Transaction
		3.7.3 Developing the Block Header
		3.7.4 Difficulty Target
		3.7.5 Proof of Work
		3.7.6 Validating a New Block
		3.7.7 The Blockchain Forks
	3.8 Summary
Chapter 4: Ethereum
	4.1 Blockchain as a State Transition System
	4.2 Ethereum Account
		4.2.1 The Account State
		4.2.2 Externally Owned Accounts (EOAs)
		4.2.3 Contract Accounts
		4.2.4 Differences Between Externally Owned and Contract Accounts
		4.2.5 Storing Key: Encrypted Keystore
	4.3 World State
		4.3.1 Trie
		4.3.2 The Radix Tree
		4.3.3 Patricia Trie
		4.3.4 Ethereum Modified Merkle Patricia Trie
		4.3.5 Storage Root
		4.3.6 Why Merkle Trees?
	4.4 Ethereum Virtual Machine
	4.5 What Is a Gas?
		4.5.1 Gas for Storing
		4.5.2 The Purpose of Gas
	4.6 Transactions and Messages
		4.6.1 Transaction Structure
		4.6.2 Transaction Digital Signature Flow
		4.6.3 Recovery Public Key from Digital Signature
		4.6.4 Three Types of Transactions
		4.6.5 Messages
	4.7 Ethereum State Transition Function
	4.8 Transaction Flow in Ethereum Blockchain
	4.9 Transaction State
	4.10 Block Structure
		4.10.1 Transaction Receipts
		4.10.2 Ommer Blocks
	4.11 Ethereum Simplified Ghost
	4.12 Ethereum Consensus
		4.12.1 The Proof of Work Algorithm (PWA)
	4.13 Ethereum 2.0
	4.14 Summary
Chapter 5: Proof of Stake: Consensus of the Future
	5.1 Chain-Based Proof of Stake
		5.1.1 Committee-Based PoS
		5.1.2 The Nothing at Stake Theory
			5.1.2.1 Slasher
			5.1.2.2 Dunkle
		5.1.3 BFT-Based Proof of Stake
	5.2 Ethereum Casper
	5.3 Casper Implementation
	5.4 Summary
Chapter 6: Hyperledger Fabric
	6.1 High-Level Perspective
	6.2 Assets
	6.3 Chaincode
	6.4 Characteristics of the Ledger
	6.5 Privacy
	6.6 Identity
		6.6.1 Infrastructure with Public Keys (PKI)
		6.6.2 Digital Certificates
	6.7 Certificate Authorities
	6.8 Membership Service Provider (MSP)
		6.8.1 Local MSP
		6.8.2 Channel MSP
		6.8.3 Storing MSP Data
	6.9 Peers
		6.9.1 Peers and Organizations
		6.9.2 Peers and Identity
		6.9.3 Peer, Consensus, and Order
	6.10 Hyperledger Fabric Consensus
		6.10.1 Stage 1: Proposal
		6.10.2 Stage 2: Transactions Are Ordered and Packaged in Blocks
	6.11 Ledger
		6.11.1 Blockchain
		6.11.2 Transaction
		6.11.3 World State
	6.12 Ordering Service Implementations
	6.13 Summary
Chapter 7: Consensus Algorithms for Blockchains
	7.1 Consensus Algorithms and Cryptocurrency
	7.2 Objectives of Consensus Models
	7.3 Different Types of Consensus Algorithms
	7.4 Types of Blockchain Consensus Algorithms
		7.4.1 Proof-of-Work (PoW)
		7.4.2 Proof of Stake (PoS)
			7.4.2.1 Proof of Stake Delegated (PoSD)
			7.4.2.2 Leased Proof of Stake (LPoS)
		7.4.3 Byzantine Fault Tolerance (BFT)
		7.4.4 Practical-BFT
		7.4.5 Delegated Byzantine Fault Tolerance (dBFT)
		7.4.6 Direct Acyclic Graph (DAG)
		7.4.7 Proof of Capacity (PoC)
		7.4.8 Proof-of-Burn (PoB)
		7.4.9 Proof-of-Identity (PoI)
		7.4.10 Proof-of-Activity (PoA)
		7.4.11 Proof-of-Elapsed Time (PoET)
		7.4.12 Proof-of-Importance (PoI)
	7.5 Consensus in Distributed Systems and Blockchain Technology
	7.6 Review Questions
	7.7 Review Answers
	7.8 Summary
Chapter 8: The Consensus Algorithms for Blockchains Project
	8.1 Starting the Project
	8.2 The Python Code
	8.3 Example 2: Using Flask in Python
		8.3.1 Step 1: Create a Simple Proof of Work
		8.3.2 Step 2: Create an API Endpoint for Blockchain
		8.3.3 Step 3: Create a Blockchain Miner
		8.3.4 Step 4: Run Your Blockchain Project
	8.4 Review Questions
	8.5 Review Answers
	8.6 Summary
Chapter 9: Real-Time Systems
	9.1 Understanding Real-Time Systems
	9.2 Real-Time System Reference Model
		9.2.1 Fail-Safe vs. Fail-Operational Systems
		9.2.2 Guaranteed Timeliness vs. Best Effort Systems
	9.3 RT System Categorization
		9.3.1 Resource Adequacy
		9.3.2 Predictability in Rare Event Situations
		9.3.3 The State and Event
		9.3.4 Time Triggered vs. Event Triggered Systems
	9.4 Temporal Requirements
	9.5 Classification of the Scheduling Algorithm
		9.5.1 Hard Real-Time and Soft Real-Time Scheduling
		9.5.2 Dynamic and Static Schedulers
		9.5.3 Scheduler With/Without Preemption
		9.5.4 Static Scheduling
		9.5.5 Dynamic Scheduling
		9.5.6 Independent Task Scheduling
	9.6 Review Questions
	9.7 Review Answers
	9.8 Summary
Chapter 10: Scheduling in Real-Time Systems
	10.1 The Concept of Scheduling
	10.2 Types of Constraints
		10.2.1 Independent Task Scheduling Constraints
		10.2.2 Scheduling Dependent Tasks
	10.3 Review Questions and Answers
		10.3.1 Review Questions
		10.3.2 Answers
	10.4 Summary
Chapter 11: Engineering Based on Models
	11.1 Model-Driven Approach to Blockchain
	11.2 Model-Driven Development
		11.2.1 The Blockchain Layer Model
		11.2.2 Models and Metamodels
		11.2.3 The Model
		11.2.4 The Metamodel
	11.3 Building the Metamodel and Model
	11.4 A Modeling Language’s Category
	11.5 Designing a Metamodel for CPSs
	11.6 CPS Metamodel Examples
		11.6.1 Meta-Object Facility
	11.7 Review Questions
	11.8 Review Answers
	11.9 Summary
Chapter 12: BLOCKLY 4SOS
	12.1 SOS Modeling
	12.2 Environment for SoS Behavior Simulation
	12.3 Review Questions
	12.4 Review Answers
	12.5 Summary
Chapter 13: Cyber-Physical Systems Project
	13.1 Using Kilobots
		13.1.1 The Kilobots Movements
	13.2 Project Requirements
		13.2.1 Architecture
		13.2.2 Project Communication
		13.2.3 Time
		13.2.4 Dynamicity
		13.2.5 Dependability
	13.3 Blockly4SoS Model
	13.4 Implementing the Project
	13.5 Executing the Project
	13.6 Project Code
	13.7 Summary
Chapter 14: Using a MATLAB Smart Farm Project
	14.1 Description of the Smart Farm Project
		14.1.1 Project Requirements
		14.1.2 Solution Hints
	14.2 Implementing the Project
		14.2.1 Environment Models
		14.2.2 Sensor Models
		14.2.3 Multi-Robot Lidar Sensor
	14.3 The System Architecture
	14.4 System Modeling
		14.4.1 Robot Visualizer and Lidar Sensor
		14.4.2 Obstacle Avoidance Logic and 2 PC Protocol Concept
		14.4.3 Architecture of North and South Farm and Storehouse
	14.5 Implementing the Two-Phase Commit Protocol
		14.5.1 Requirements
		14.5.2 Problems Encountered
	14.6 Summary
Chapter 15: The Platoon Project
	15.1 The Game Environment
		15.1.1 SoS Organization
		15.1.2 CS-Level
		15.1.3 SOS-Level
		15.1.4 Viewpoint Emergence
		15.1.5 Viewpoint Dynamicity
		15.1.6 Viewpoint Time
	15.2 The Cyber-Physical Systems
	15.3 Kilobot Source Code
	15.4 Kilobots Movement
	15.5 Cyber-Physical Modeling
	15.6 Summary
Chapter 16: Blockchain Technology and Distributed System Future Scope and B-Coin Project
	16.1 Blockchain and IoT Security
		16.1.1 Blockchain Implementations and Use Cases in IoT
		16.1.2 Challenges with Integrating Blockchain Into IoT
	16.2 Safety Recommendations
	16.3 Blockchain Security and Privacy
	16.4 The Future Scope
		16.4.1 Blockchain Architecture: Private, Public, or Hybrid-Public Blockchain Design
		16.4.2 Inducement
		16.4.3 Data Privacy
	16.5 Having Realistic Expectations of Blockchain
	16.6 Food Certification
	16.7 Smart Contracts and Notaries
		16.7.1 Applying Blockchain Technology to Smart Contracts
		16.7.2 Developing Blockchain in the Market
		16.7.3 The Geopolitics of the Blockchain
		16.7.4 Books, Whitepapers, and Blockchains
	16.8 Bitcoin (B-Coin) Sample Project
		16.8.1 The Project Code
		16.8.2 Changing the Blockchain into Cryptocurrency
		16.8.3 GET
		16.8.4 POST
	16.9 Functions of the Nodes
		16.9.1 Create a New Candidate Block by Combining Valid Transactions
		16.9.2 Computing Power on the Defensive Wall (Hash Rate)
	16.10 Creating New Bitcoins
		16.10.1 The Concept of Decentralization
	16.11 Summary
Chapter 17: AI and Blockchain Monitoring Autonomous Vehicles Management Project
	17.1 The Connection Between Blockchain and Artificial intelligence
		17.1.1 AI and Blockchain in Applications
		17.1.2 AI’s Role in Making Real-Time Intelligent and Decision-Making Machines
	17.2 Blockchain for Information Sharing and Exchange
	17.3 Dependability and Safety
	17.4 Tracking the System
	17.5 Motivation and Goal of This Work
	17.6 Automotive Applications
		17.6.1 Autonomous Cars as Cyber-Physical Systems
	17.7 Safety and Self-Controlled Vehicles
	17.8 Controller: The Problem with the Checker
	17.9 System Analysis Method
		17.9.1 Preliminary Rounds and Introduction
	17.10 The Experimental Method
		17.10.1 Controller Test
		17.10.2 Monitor or Observation Testing
		17.10.3 Controller Retraining
	17.11 Method Implementation and Results
	17.12 The Tools and Software
		17.12.1 CARLA Simulator
		17.12.2 Controller Settings
		17.12.3 Safety Monitor Implementation
	17.13 Experimental Activity
	17.14 Results
		17.14.1 Testing the Controller (Phase 1)
		17.14.2 Monitor Assessment (Phase 2)
		17.14.3 Retraining and Rechecking (Phase 3)
	17.15 Summary
Chapter 18: Summary
	18.1 Blockchain in the Policy Context
		18.1.1 Avoiding the Tragedy of the Commons
	18.2 Transforming Industry and Markets
		18.2.1 Government and the Public Sector
		18.2.2 Data Management
	18.3 Secure Recommendations
		18.3.1 Privacy Policy
		18.3.2 Smart Contracts
		18.3.3 Distributed Computing Systems
		18.3.4 Distributed Information Systems
		18.3.5 Distributed Pervasive Systems
	18.4 Client and Server Anatomy
		18.4.1 Client
		18.4.2 Server
	18.5 Questions About Distributed Systems
		18.5.1 What Is the Role of Middleware in a Distributed System?
		18.5.2 What Is Meant By Transparency (of Distribution)?
		18.5.3 Why Is it Sometimes Difficult to Hide the Occurrence of a Failure and Its Recovery in a Distributed System?
		18.5.4 Is It Okay to Have Two Different Programming Languages for the Development of Distributed Systems?
		18.5.5 What Is the Difference Between Cache and Replication?
		18.5.6 When Is It Appropriate To Use a Cluster Rather Than a Grid Computer?
		18.5.7 How Do You Differentiate Between Different Types of Distributed Systems?
	18.6 Advantages and Disadvantages of Blockchain
	18.7 Blockchain Technology and Cost Cutting
	18.8 Summary
Index