Interpretation, Critical Review and Reporting in Life Cycle Assessment (LCA Compendium – The Complete World of Life Cycle Assessment)

Contents
Contributors
Chapter 1: Why Do We Cover Interpretation As Well As Critical Review and Reporting in One Volume?
	1.1 Relevance of Interpretation
		1.1.1 Interpretation and Reporting
		1.1.2 Interpretation and Critical Review
		1.1.3 Critical Review and Reporting
	1.2 Structure of This Volume
	References
Chapter 2: Interpretation, Critical Review, and Reporting: Scientific Outline of Interpretation
	2.1 Interpretation Is a Basic Building Block in Any Scientific Work
	2.2 Interpretation in Life Cycle Assessment Studies
	2.3 Interpretation Is Different from Assessment and Valuation
	2.4 Interpretation According to ISO
	2.5 The Problem of Impact Assessment Results
	2.6 Interpretation to Goal and Scope Definition, Inventory Analysis, and Impact Assessment
		2.6.1 Goal and Scope
		2.6.2 Inventory Analysis
		2.6.3 Impact Assessment
	2.7 Interpreting Procedural Versus Numerical Results
	2.8 Importance and Implementation of the Iterative Approach Based on Interpretation
	2.9 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 3: Data Quality Analysis as Part of Interpretation
	3.1 Introduction
		3.1.1 Incorporation of Data Quality Analysis into the Contextual Framework of Life Cycle Thinking
		3.1.2 Key Questions in this Article: Goals of Data Quality Analysis in Interpretation
	3.2 Methodology
		3.2.1 Types of Data
		3.2.2 Data Quality Indicators
		3.2.3 Operationalization of Data Quality Analysis
		3.2.4 Inclusion of DQA Results in Interpretation
	3.3 Data Quality Analysis in Practice
	3.4 Case Study: Analysis of Data Quality in the Environmental Assessment of the Extraction and Processing of a Raw Material for Pharmaceutical Products
		3.4.1 Presentation of Study
		3.4.2 Including Data Quality Analysis into Procedure of LCA
		3.4.3 Discussion
	3.5 Conclusions
		3.5.1 The Practitioner as Expert and Decision Maker
		3.5.2 Data Quality Analysis as an Immanent Part of Interpretation
	References
Chapter 4: Quality Assurance by International Standards: The ‘Critical Review’
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 The Critical Review: Why and How It Came About
	4.3 The LCA Peer Review According to the SETAC Guideline 1993
		4.3.1 Application of the ‘Code of Practice’ in Real LCI and LCA Studies
		4.3.2 PVC in Sweden (1996)
	4.4 The Critical Review in the First Series of ISO Standards (1997–2000)
	4.5 The Critical Review According to ISO 14040 and 14044 (2006)
	4.6 The Technical Specification ISO 14071: How It Came About
		4.6.1 Background and Motivation
		4.6.2 Standard Development Process
	4.7 Overview of ISO TS 14071 (2014)
		4.7.1 General
		4.7.2 Scope, Normative References and Terms and Definitions
		4.7.3 Defining the Scope of the Critical Review
		4.7.4 Selecting, Contracting and Replacing External Reviewers
	4.8 The Review Procedure According to ISO TS 14071
		4.8.1 Type of Critical Review
		4.8.2 Critical Review Report and Statement
		4.8.3 Critical Review Tasks
			4.8.3.1 The Chairperson
			4.8.3.2 The Reviewer
	4.9 Competencies of the Reviewers
	4.10 Conclusion
	4.11 Outlook
	References
Chapter 5: The Terms “Critical Review” and “Verification” Addressing Quality Assurance in Life Cycle Assessment and ISO Type III Declarations
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Quality Assurance via Critical Review in Life Cycle Assessment
	5.3 Quality Assurance via Verification
	5.4 Verification and Product Category Rule Review in ISO 14025
	5.5 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 6: Benefits from Critical Review and Communication
	6.1 Introduction: Variability Is Credibility’s Enemy
	6.2 Critical Peer Review with Interested Parties
	6.3 In-Projects Benefits
	6.4 Outside the LCA Project
		6.4.1 Business to Authorities
		6.4.2 Business to Public/Stakeholders
	6.5 Critical Review – From Task to Communicational Benefit – A Value-Based Approach
	6.6 The Role of Guidelines
	6.7 Communication of LCA: LCAs Are Made for Communication
	6.8 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 7: Cost-Benefit Analysis of Critical Reviews: Learning from Practice
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 SIG’s Commitment to ISO-Conforming Critical Review
	7.3 Benefits of Critical Reviews
		7.3.1 Direct Benefits
		7.3.2 Indirect Benefits
	7.4 Costs of Critical Reviews
	7.5 Managing the Cost-Benefit Relation
	7.6 Definition of the Functional Unit
	7.7 LCIA Methods
	7.8 LCIA Results
		7.8.1 Knowledge of Inventory Data and Databases
	7.9 Recent Developments
	7.10 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 8: Reporting and Communication
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 The Meaning of Reporting
	8.3 The Aim of Reporting: Object or Subject Oriented Reporting
	8.4 Reporting in Science
	8.5 Implicit Comparative Nature of LCA
	8.6 Using Relative or Absolute Information
	8.7 Implicit Weighting
	8.8 Reporting According to ISO 14044
	8.9 Planning the Process of Reporting
	8.10 Conclusions
	References
Index