Internet of things from hype to reality : the road to digitization

Foreword I
Foreword II
Preface
Acknowledgments
Disclaimer
Contents
About the Authors
Chapter 1: Internet of Things (IoT) Overview
	1.1 What Is the Internet of Things (IoT)?
		1.1.1 Background and More Complete IoT Definition
		1.1.2 How to Monitor and Control Things from Anywhere in the World?
		1.1.3 Why Do We Want to Monitor and Control Things?
		1.1.4 Who Will Monitor and Control?
		1.1.5 How Is Security Guaranteed?
	1.2 IoT Reference Framework
	1.3 Why Now? The 12 Factors for a Perfect Storm
		1.3.1 Convergence of IT and OT
		1.3.2 The Astonishing Introduction of Creative Internet-Based Businesses
			1.3.2.1 Uber
			1.3.2.2 Airbnb
			1.3.2.3 Square
			1.3.2.4 Amazon
			1.3.2.5 Tesla
			1.3.2.6 Self-Driving Cars
		1.3.3 Mobile Device Explosion
		1.3.4 Social Network Explosion
		1.3.5 Analytics at the Edge
		1.3.6 Cloud Computing and Virtualization
		1.3.7 Technology Explosion
		1.3.8 Digital Convergence/Transformation
		1.3.9 Enhanced User Interfaces
		1.3.10 Fast Rate of IoT Technology Adoption (Five Times More than Electricity and Telephony)
		1.3.11 The Rise of Security Requirements
		1.3.12 The Nonstop Moore’s Law
	1.4 History of the Internet
	1.5 Summary
	References
Chapter 2: The Internet in IoT
	2.1 The Open System Interconnection Model
	2.2 End-to-End View of the OSI Model
	2.3 Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)
		2.3.1 TCP/IP Layer 4: Application Layer
		2.3.2 TCP/IP Layer 3: Transport Layer
		2.3.3 TCP/IP Layer 2: Internet Layer
			2.3.3.1 Router Main Components
		2.3.4 TCP/IP Layer 1: Network Access Layer
	2.4 IoT Network Level: Key Performance Characteristics
		2.4.1 End-to-End Delay
		2.4.2 Packet Loss
		2.4.3 Throughput
	2.5 Internet Protocol Suite
		2.5.1 IoT Network Level: Addressing
			2.5.1.1 IP Version 4
				IPv4 Subnet Mask
				IPv4 Classes
			2.5.1.2 IP Version 6
		2.5.2 IPv6 Address Notation
		2.5.3 IoT Network Level: Routing
			2.5.3.1 Interior Routing Protocols
			2.5.3.2 Exterior Routing Protocols
	2.6 Summary
	References
Chapter 3: The Things in IoT: Sensors and Actuators
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 IoT Sensors
		3.2.1 Definition
		3.2.2 Why Sensors
		3.2.3 Sensor Types
		3.2.4 Sensor Characteristics
	3.3 RFID
		3.3.1 RFID Main Usage and Applications
	3.4 Video Tracking
		3.4.1 Video Tracking Applications
		3.4.2 Video Tracking Algorithms
	3.5 IoT Actuators
		3.5.1 Definition
		3.5.2 Why Actuators?
		3.5.3 Actuator Types
		3.5.4 Controlling IoT Devices
	3.6 How Things Are Identified in IoT?
	3.7 Summary
	References
Chapter 4: IoT Requirements for Networking Protocols
	4.1 Support for Constrained Devices
	4.2 Massive Scalability
		4.2.1 Device Addressing
		4.2.2 Credentials Management
		4.2.3 Control Plane
		4.2.4 Wireless Spectrum
	4.3 Determinism
	4.4 Security and Privacy
	4.5 Application Interoperability
		4.5.1 Abstractions and Standard APIs
		4.5.2 Semantic Interoperability
	4.6 Summary
	References
Chapter 5: IoT Protocol Stack: A Layered View
	5.1 Link Layer
		5.1.1 Challenges
		5.1.2 Industry Progress
			5.1.2.1 IEEE 802.15.4
			5.1.2.2 IEEE 802.15.4e TSCH
			5.1.2.3 LPWAN
				LoRaWAN
					Network Architecture
					Device Class Capabilities
					Scalability
					Energy Efficiency
					Security
					Regional Variations
					Challenges
				NB-IoT
					Network Architecture
					Device Categories
					Scalability
					Energy Efficiency
					Security
				Comparison of LoRaWAN and NB-IoT
			5.1.2.4 IEEE 802.11ah
				Short MAC Header
				Large Number of Stations
				Speeding Frame Exchanges
				Relay
				Target Wake Time
				Grouping
				Traffic Indication Map (TIM) and Paging Mechanism
				Restricted Access Windows
			5.1.2.5 Comparison of Wireless Link Layer Protocols
			5.1.2.6 Time-Sensitive Networking
				IEEE 802.1Qca
				IEEE 802.1Qbv
				IEEE 802.1CB
	5.2 Internet Layer
		5.2.1 Challenges
		5.2.2 Industry Progress
			5.2.2.1 6LowPAN
			5.2.2.2 RPL: IPv6 Routing Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks
			5.2.2.3 6TiSCH
				Network Formation
				Network Maintenance
				Topology and Schedule Mapping
				Resource Management
				Flow Control
				Determinism
				Scheduling Mechanisms
				Secure Communication
	5.3 Application Protocols Layer
		5.3.1 Data Serialization Formats
		5.3.2 Communication Paradigms
			5.3.2.1 Request/Response Versus Publish/Subscribe
			5.3.2.2 Blocking Versus Non-blocking
		5.3.3 QoS
			5.3.3.1 Resource Utilization
				Resource Limits Policy
				Time Filter Policy
			5.3.3.2 Data Timeliness
				Deadline Policy
				Latency Budget Policy
			5.3.3.3 Data Availability
				Durability Policy
				Life Span Policy
				History Policy
			5.3.3.4 Data Delivery
				Reliability Policy
				Transport Priority
		5.3.4 RESTful Constraints
		5.3.5 Survey of IoT Application Protocols
			5.3.5.1 CoAP
			5.3.5.2 XMPP
			5.3.5.3 MQTT
			5.3.5.4 AMQP
			5.3.5.5 SIP
			5.3.5.6 IEEE 1888
			5.3.5.7 DDS RTPS
	5.4 Application Services Layer
		5.4.1 Motivation
		5.4.2 Industry Progress
			5.4.2.1 ETSI M2M
			5.4.2.2 oneM2M
		5.4.3 Technology Gaps
	5.5 Summary
	References
Chapter 6: Fog Computing
	6.1 Defining Fog Computing
	6.2 Drivers for Fog
		6.2.1 Data Deluge
		6.2.2 Rapid Mobility
		6.2.3 Reliable Control
		6.2.4 Data Management and Analytics
	6.3 Characteristics of Fog
	6.4 Enabling Technologies and Prerequisites
		6.4.1 Virtualization Technologies
			6.4.1.1 Containers and Virtual Machines
			6.4.1.2 Docker
			6.4.1.3 Application Mobility
		6.4.2 Network Support for Mobility
			6.4.2.1 EVPN
				Updating the Identity to Location Address Mappings
				Default IP Gateway Problem
			6.4.2.2 LISP
				Updating the Identity to Location Address Mappings
				Default IP Gateway Problem
		6.4.3 Fog Orchestration
			6.4.3.1 Topology
			6.4.3.2 Things Connectivity
			6.4.3.3 Network Performance Guarantees
		6.4.4 Data Management
			6.4.4.1 Data in Motion
			6.4.4.2 Search Technologies and Engines
		6.4.5 More Gaps Ahead
	6.5 Summary
	References
Chapter 7: IoT Services Platform: Functions and Requirements
	7.1 IoT Services Platform Functions
	7.2 IoT Platform Manager
	7.3 Discovery: Entities, Services, and Location
		7.3.1 Registration
		7.3.2 Discovery
	7.4 Communication Manager
	7.5 Data Management and Repository
	7.6 Element Manager (Managing IoT Devices and Network Elements)
		7.6.1 Configuration (and Provisioning) Management
		7.6.2 Fault Management
		7.6.3 Performance Management
		7.6.4 Important Performance Measures for IoT Devices (E.g., Sensors)
		7.6.5 Security Management
	7.7 Firmware Manager
	7.8 Topology Manager
	7.9 Group Manager
	7.10 Billing and Accounting
	7.11 Subscription and Notification Manager
	7.12 API Manager
	7.13 Commercially Available IoT Platforms
	7.14 Putting All Together
	7.15 Summary
	References
Chapter 8: Internet of Things Security and Privacy
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 IoT Security Challenges
	8.3 IoT Security Requirements
	8.4 IoT Three-Domain Architecture
	8.5 Cloud Domain Attacks and Countermeasures
	8.6 Fog Domain Attacks and Countermeasures
	8.7 Sensing Domain Attacks and Countermeasures
	8.8 Securing IoT Devices
		8.8.1 IoT Devices Gone Rogue
			8.8.1.1 Botnets
			8.8.1.2 Webcams
			8.8.1.3 Casino Fish Tank
			8.8.1.4 Cardiac Devices
			8.8.1.5 Vehicles
		8.8.2 MUD
		8.8.3 DICE
	8.9 Summary and Future Directions
	References
Chapter 9: IoT Vertical Markets and Connected Ecosystems
	9.1 IoT Verticals
		9.1.1 IoT Agriculture and Farming
		9.1.2 IoT Energy Solutions
		9.1.3 IoT Oil and Gas Solutions
			9.1.3.1 Oil and Gas Exercise
		9.1.4 IoT Smart Building Solutions
		9.1.5 IoT Finance
		9.1.6 IoT Healthcare
		9.1.7 IoT Industrial
		9.1.8 IoT Retail
		9.1.9 IoT Transportation
	9.2 IoT Service Model: Anything as a Service
		9.2.1 Thrust as a Service
		9.2.2 Imaging as a Service
		9.2.3 Farming as a Service
		9.2.4 IT as a Service
	9.3 Enabling “Anything as a Service”
		9.3.1 Example: IoT IT Services
	9.4 Connected Ecosystems
		9.4.1 IoT Services Terminologies
		9.4.2 IoT Connected Ecosystems Models
		9.4.3 IoT Connected Ecosystems Models Key Capabilities
	9.5 Summary
	References
Chapter 10: The Blockchain in IoT
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 What Is the Blockchain?
		10.2.1 Bitcoin and Blockchain
		10.2.2 Evolution of Blockchain
		10.2.3 Defining Blockchain
	10.3 How Blockchains Work
		10.3.1 Anatomy of the Blockchain
		10.3.2 Understanding a Block’s Hash
		10.3.3 Lifecycle of a Transaction
	10.4 Features of Blockchain
		10.4.1 Consensus Algorithms in IoT
		10.4.2 Cryptography
		10.4.3 Decentralized
		10.4.4 Transparency and Trust
		10.4.5 Permissioned, Permissionless, and Consortium
		10.4.6 Smart Contracts
		10.4.7 Advantages and Disadvantages
	10.5 Blockchain Applications in IoT
		10.5.1 M2M Transactions
		10.5.2 Energy Management
		10.5.3 Supply Chain Management
		10.5.4 Healthcare
		10.5.5 Retail
		10.5.6 Automotive and Transportation
		10.5.7 Smart City
		10.5.8 Identity, Authentication, and Access Management
		10.5.9 Other Blockchain IoT Applications
	10.6 Blockchain Security in IoT
		10.6.1 Trust Between Nodes
		10.6.2 Malicious Activity and Cryptographic Principles
		10.6.3 IoT Security and Blockchain Advantages
	10.7 Summary
	References
Chapter 11: Industry Organizations and Standards Landscape
	11.1 Overview
	11.2 IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers)
		11.2.1 IEEE 1451 Series
		11.2.2 IEEE 1547 Series
		11.2.3 IEEE 1609 Series
		11.2.4 IEEE 1888 Series
		11.2.5 IEEE 1900 Series
		11.2.6 IEEE 2030 Series
		11.2.7 IEEE 2040 Series
		11.2.8 IEEE 11073 Series
		11.2.9 IEEE 2413 Series
	11.3 IETF
		11.3.1 ROLL
		11.3.2 Core
		11.3.3 6LowPAN
		11.3.4 6TisCH
		11.3.5 ACE
	11.4 ITU
	11.5 IPSO Alliance
	11.6 OCF
	11.7 IIC
	11.8 ETSI
	11.9 oneM2M
	11.10 AllSeen Alliance
	11.11 Thread Group
	11.12 ZigBee Alliance
	11.13 TIA
	11.14 Z-Wave Alliance
	11.15 OASIS
	11.16 LoRa Alliance
	11.17 Gaps and Standards Progress Scorecard
	11.18 Summary
	References
Chapter 12: The Role of Open Source in IoT
	12.1 The Open Source Movement
	12.2 Why Open Source?
		12.2.1 Drivers for Open Source Consumers
		12.2.2 Drivers for Open Source Contributors
	12.3 Open Source vs. Standards
	12.4 Open Source Partnering with Standards
	12.5 A Tour of Open-Source Activities in IoT
		12.5.1 IoT Devices
			12.5.1.1 Hardware
				Arduino
				GizmoSphere
				Tinkerforge
				BeagleBoard
			12.5.1.2 Operating Systems
				Contiki
				Raspbian
				RIOT
		12.5.2 IoT Services Platform
			12.5.2.1 Eclipse IoT Project
			12.5.2.2 Kinoma
			12.5.2.3 OneM2M the Linux Foundation and Eclipse
			12.5.2.4 Open Interconnect Consortium (OIC)
			12.5.2.5 IT6.eu, OpenIoT, and IoTSyS
			12.5.2.6 DeviceHive
			12.5.2.7 IoT Toolkit
	12.6 Conclusions
	References
Appendix A
	References
Appendix B: IoT Projects for Engineering Students
	Typical Elements of IoT Projects
	Examples of IoT Projects
	References
Appendix C: IoT Project 1—Parking Availability App Using IoT
	Introduction
	Problem Statement/Project Architecture
	Method(s) System Design
		1.1.1 Sensor Layer (Physical Devices)
		Network Layer
		Data Processing and Application Layer
		Deployment
	Evaluation Methodology/Results
	Conclusion and Future Work
	References
Appendix D: IoT Project 2—Sensor Activated Lights with Cloud Data
	Introduction
	Problem Statement and Architecture
	Equipment and System Design
		Hardware Used
		Software Used
		Circuit
	Methodology
	Evaluation
	Future Work
	Conclusion
	References
	Appendix
Appendix E: Warehouse Inventory Management System
	Introduction
		Problems in the Existing Tracking and Monitoring Systems
		Solutions to the Limitations of Existing Tracking Systems
	Project Architecture
	Method(s)/System Design
		Shipment Beacon
		Warehouse Tracker
	Project Implementation
		1.1.1 BLE Advertisement and BME280 Sensor Interfacing
		BLE Advertisement on Mobile App
		Raspberry Pi and Microsoft Azure IoT Hub Connection
			Configuration of Raspberry Pi for connection with Azure IoT Hub
		Real-Time Sensor Data Transfer
			Configuration of Raspberry Pi for Environmental Data Transmission to Azure Hub
	System Integration
	Testing and Verification
		1.1.2 Real-Time Environmental Sensor Testing
		Real-Time Azure IoT Hub Integration Testing
	Evaluation Methodology and Results
		1.1.3 Real-Time Sensor Evaluation
		Bluetooth Low Energy Range Evaluation Testing
	Summary, Conclusions, and Recommendations
	References
Appendix F: IoT Fumigation Robot
	Introduction: Written by Nicholas K
	Methodology: Written by Nicholas K
		Objectives
		Challenges
		Problem Formulation and Design
	Implementation
		Chassis Design: Written by Nicholas K
		Mock Fumigation Apparatus Design: Written by Nicholas K
		Hardware Design: Written by Jesus D
		Software Design: Written by Jesus D
	Testing and Verification: Written by Jesus D
	Conclusion: Written by Nicholas K
	References
	Appendix A: Source Code
	Appendix B: Relay Test Code
Index