International Trauma Life Support for Emergency Care Providers

Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Table of Contents
About the Editors
Organization of This Book
Acknowledgments
Introduction to the ITLS Course
International Trauma Life Support Courses
SECTION 1 Essential Information
	CHAPTER 1 Introduction to Traumatic Disease
		Chapter Overview
		Situational Awareness
		Case Presentation
			Scene Size-up
			Standard Precautions
			Scene Safety
			Total Number of Patients
			Essential Equipment and Additional Resources
		Mechanism of Injury
			Blunt Trauma
			Penetrating Trauma
		Priorities of Trauma Care
			Trauma Triage Decisions
			Prevention and Public Education
	CHAPTER 2 Trauma Assessment and Management
		Chapter Overview
		Case Presentation
		ITLS Primary Survey
			Scene Size-up
			Initial Assessment
			Rapid Trauma Survey or Focused Exam
		ITLS Reassessment Exam
		ITLS Secondary Survey
		Adjuncts for Trauma Patient Assessment
		Transfer of Care
	CHAPTER 3 Assessment Skills
		ITLS Primary Survey—Critical Information
			Scene Size-up
			Initial Assessment
			Rapid Trauma Survey
		ITLS Reassessment Exam—Critical Information
			Subjective Changes
			Mental Status
			Reassess ABCs
		ITLS Secondary Survey—Critical Information
			SAMPLE History
			Vital Signs and Repeat Initial Assessment
			Neurological Exam
			Detailed Exam
		Ground Rules for Teaching and Evaluation
	CHAPTER 4 Hemorrhage Control and Shock
		Chapter Overview
		Case Presentation
		Pathophysiology of Shock
			Evaluation of Tachycardia
			The Shock Syndromes
			Management
			Special Situations in Hypovolemic Shock
			Obstructive Shock
			Cardiogenic Shock
			Current Thinking in the Treatment of Shock
	CHAPTER 5 Shock and Hemorrhage Control Skills
		Cannulation of the External Jugular Vein
		Intraosseous Infusion
			Indications
			Contraindications
			Recommended Sites
			Potential Complications
			FAST Responder™ Intraosseous Device
		Length-Based Resuscitation Tapes
		Control of Life-Threatening Hemorrhage
			Application of Tourniquets
			Use of Hemostatic Agents
	CHAPTER 6 Airway Management
		Chapter Overview
		Case Presentation
		Anatomy and Physiology
			Nasopharynx
			Oropharynx
			Hypopharynx
			Larynx
			Trachea and Bronchi
			The Lungs
		The Patent Airway
			Observation
			Suction
			Airway Adjuncts
		Supplemental Oxygen
		Ventilation
			Normal Ventilation
			Positive-Pressure (Artificial) Ventilation
			Compliance
			Ventilation Techniques
			Airway Equipment
	CHAPTER 7 Airway Skills
		Chapter Overview
		Basic Airway Management
			The Pulse Oximeter
			Supraglottic Airways
		Advanced Airway Management
			Preparation for Intubation
		Face-to-Face Intubation
			Confirmation of Tube Placement
			Drug-Assisted Intubation
			Fiberoptic and Video Intubation
SECTION 2 Foundational Knowledge
	CHAPTER 8 Thoracic Trauma
		Chapter Overview
		Case Presentation
		The Thorax
			Anatomy
			Pathophysiology
		Emergency Care of Chest Injuries
			Airway Obstruction
			Flail Chest
			Open Pneumothorax
			Massive Hemothorax
			Tension Pneumothorax
			Cardiac Tamponade
			Myocardial Contusion
			Traumatic Aortic Rupture
			Tracheal or Bronchial Tree Injury
			Diaphragmatic Tears
			Pulmonary Contusion
		Blast Injuries
		Other Chest Injuries
			Impaled Objects
			Traumatic Asphyxia
			Simple Pneumothorax
			Sternal Fractures
			Simple Rib Fracture
	CHAPTER 9 Thoracic Trauma Skills
		Chapter Overview
		Chest Decompression
			Indications to Perform Chest Decompression
			Performing a Chest Decompression by the Anterior Approach
			Performing a Chest Decompression by the Lateral Approach
			Management of Open Pneumothorax
	CHAPTER 10 Spinal Trauma and Spinal Motion Restriction
		Chapter Overview
		Case Presentation
		Evolution of Spinal Motion Restriction
			Relationship to Patient Safety
			Patient-Specific and Appropriate Spinal Motion Restriction
			Summary of Patient-Centered Spinal Motion Restriction
		The Normal Spinal Column and Cord
			Spinal Column
			Spinal Cord
		Spinal Injury
			Mechanisms of Blunt Spinal Column Injury
			Pathophysiology of Spinal Cord Injury
			Neurogenic Shock
		Assessment of the Trauma Patient
			Assessing for Possible Spinal Injury
			Focused Evaluation of the Spinal Cord
		Management of the Trauma Patient
			Minimizing Spinal Movement
			Spinal Motion Restriction in the Trauma Patient
			The Log Roll
			Spinal Motion Restriction Devices
			Complications of Spinal Motion Restriction
			Airway Intervention
			Special Spinal Motion Restriction Situations
	CHAPTER 11 Spine Management Skills
		Essential Components of Spinal Motion Restriction
		Principles of SMR
		Applying SMR
			Patients Requiring SMR
			SMR with a Short Extrication Device
			Emergency Rescue and Rapid Extrication
			SMR with the Long Backboard
	CHAPTER 12 Head Trauma and Traumatic Brain Injury
		Chapter Overview
		Case Presentation
		Anatomy of the Head
		Pathophysiology of Head Trauma
			Primary and Secondary Brain Injuries
			Intracranial Pressure
			Cerebral Herniation Syndrome
		Head Injuries
		Facial Injuries
			Scalp Wounds
			Skull Injuries
			Brain Injuries
		Evaluation of the Patient with Traumatic Brain Injury
			ITLS Primary Survey
			ITLS Secondary Survey
			ITLS Reassessment Exam
		Management of the Patient with TBI
	CHAPTER 13 Abdominal Trauma
		Chapter Overview
		Case Presentation
		Anatomy of the Abdomen
		Types of Abdominal Injuries
		Assessment and Stabilization
			Scene Size-up
			Patient Assessment
			Stabilization
		New Trends in Managing Abdominal Trauma
	CHAPTER 14 Extremity Trauma
		Chapter Overview
		Case Presentation
		Injuries to Extremities
			Fractures
			Dislocations
			Open Wounds
			Amputations
			Neurovascular Injuries
			Sprains and Strains
			Impaled Objects
			Compartment Syndrome
			Crush Injury and Crush Syndrome
		Assessment and Management
			Scene Size-up and History
			Assessment
			Management of Extremity Injuries
			Management of Specific Injuries
	CHAPTER 15 Extremity Trauma Skills
		Traction Splints
		Pelvic Stabilization Techniques
	CHAPTER 16 Trauma Arrest
		Chapter Overview
		Case Presentation
		The Unsalvageable Patient
		Airway and Breathing Problems
		Circulatory Problems
		Approach to Trauma Patients in Cardiac Arrest
			General Plan of Action
			Considerations in Traumatic Cardiac Arrest Management
SECTION 3 Special Populations
	CHAPTER 17 Burns
		Chapter Overview
		Case Presentation
		Anatomy and Pathophysiology
			The Skin
			Classifying Burns by Depth
			Determining the Severity of Burns
		Patient Assessment and Management
			ITLS Primary Survey
			ITLS Secondary Survey
			Patient Management
			Special Problems in Burn Management
	CHAPTER 18 Pediatric Trauma
		Chapter Overview
		Case Presentation
		Communication with the Child and Family
		Parental Consent
		Assessment and Care
			Pediatric Equipment
			Common Mechanisms of Injury
			General Assessment
			Rapid Trauma Survey or Focused Exam
			Critical Trauma Situation
			ITLS Secondary Survey
		Potentially Life-Threatening Injuries
			Hemorrhagic Shock
			Fluid Resuscitation
			Head Trauma
			Chest Injury
			Abdominal Injury
			Spine Injury
		Child Restraint Seats
	CHAPTER 19 Geriatric Trauma
		Chapter Overview
		Case Presentation
		Pathophysiology of Aging
			The Aging Body
			Medications
			Aging and Injury
		Assessment and Management
			ITLS Primary Survey
			Reassessment Exams
	CHAPTER 20 Trauma in Pregnancy
		Chapter Overview
		Case Presentation
		Pregnancy
			Fetal Development
			Physiologic Changes During Pregnancy
			Responses to Hypovolemia
		Assessment and Management
			Special Considerations
			Types of Trauma
		Trauma Prevention in Pregnancy
	CHAPTER 21 The Impaired Patient
		Chapter Overview
		Case Presentation
		Substance Abuse
		Assessment and Management
		The Uncooperative Patient
		Excited Delirium
GLOSSARY
INDEX
	A
	B
	C
	D
	E
	F
	G
	H
	I
	J
	K
	L
	M
	N
	O
	P
	Q
	R
	S
	T
	U
	V
	W
	Z
APPENDIX A Standard Precautions
APPENDIX B Analgesia and Pain Control for the Trauma Patient
APPENDIX C Multicasualty Incidents and Triage