International Scientific Relations: Science, Technology and Innovation in the International System of the 21st Century

Cover
Front Matter
	Half-title
	Title page
	Copyright information
	Dedication
	Contents
	Foreword
	Preface
	Acknowledgments
Part 1-3
	Part 1 Introductory Framework
		Chapter 1 Science, Technology, and Innovation and International Relations
			1.1 Science, Technology, and Innovation
				The dawn of science
				Science, technology, and innovation as an empirical phenomenon
				Science, technology, and innovation as a subject of study
			1.2 Science, Technology, and Innovation and International Relations
				Practical links
				Disciplinary approach
			1.3 Rise of Science, Technology, and Innovation
				New role of scientific knowledge
				Knowledge economy
				Knowledge society
			1.4 International Scientific Relations
				New empirical phenomenon
				New subdisciplinary field
				Challenges for international scientific relations
	Part 2 Analytical Framework
		Chapter 2 International Context
			2.1 Actors of the International System
				Changes in the role of the Nation-State
				New actors
				Multipolar world
			2.2 Interactions and Relations within the International System
				Interdependence
				New global agenda
				Types of linkages
			2.3 Main International Processes
				End of the Cold War
				Challenges to the Nation-States
				Scientific and technological revolution
				Changes in the capitalist economic system
				Globalization
			2.4 New Configuration of the International System
				Intersystemic transition
				Towards a new global configuration
		Chapter 3 Actors
			3.1 Old and New Actors
			3.2 Universities
				Historical particularities
				New roles and challenges
					New actors
					Autonomy
					New roles
				Reconfiguration and adaptation
			3.3 Nation-States
				The emergence of Big Science
				Post–Cold War era
				Sub-State entities
			3.4 Intergovernmental Organizations
				Specialized organizations
				Regional processes
			3.5 Nongovernmental Organizations
				Rise of the NGOs
				Promotion and uses of science, technology, and innovation
					Impulse and promotion of science, technology, and innovation by NGOs
					Use of STI as a tool
				Main NGOs in science, technology, and innovation
			3.6 Transnational Companies
				Economic interest
				Action strategy
			3.7 Think Tanks
				Predecessors
				Distribution and geographical expansion
				Margins of autonomy
			3.8 Epistemic Communities
				New global context
				Revaluation of expert knowledge
			3.9 Scientific Diasporas
				From brain drain to brain gain
				Main initiatives
		Chapter 4 Relations
			4.1 Interaction and Relation Mechanisms
			4.2 Conflict Interactions
				Fighting for global talent
					Historic evolution
					Lack of global talent
					Public policies
					Impact
				Intellectual property rights and patents
					Origin
					Vertiginous evolution
					Clash of interests
			4.3 Cooperation Dynamics
				International cooperation
				STI diplomacy
				Links between state, company, and university
				Interuniversity cooperation
			4.4 Competitive Interactions
				Competitive race between States
				Competition between companies
				University rankings
				Fight for new emerging technologies
			4.5 Asymmetric Relations
				Historic inequalities
				Power and knowledge
				Cognitive divide and dependency
		Chapter 5 Processes
			5.1 Production
				Methods of production
					Traditional methods
					New methods of production
					Alternative methods
				Increase in the factors of production
					Research and development (R&D)7
					Researchers8
					Higher education
					Infrastructures
					Publications and patents
			5.2 Intermediation
				Transmission through formal education
					Higher education
					Scientific research
					Lifelong learning
					Cooperation networks
					E-learning
				Knowledge and technology transfer
					Increasing relevance of transference
					Characteristics of the process
				Diffusion through information and communication technologies
					Dissemination by mass media
					Development of digital media
						Immaterial diffusion
						Network diffusion
				Mobility and circulation of highly skilled personnel
					Movement dynamics
					Global impact
			5.3 Distribution
				Geopolitical23 and geoeconomic24 distribution
				R&D investment25
				Researchers
				Geography of scientific publications
				Patents
				Academic institutions and postgraduate students
					World-class universities
					International students
			5.4 Application
				Type of research
				Scientific fields29
				Publications and patents
				Socioeconomic impact
				Private sector
			5.5 Governance
				Public policies
				Local governments
				Regional initiatives
				New international sphere
	Part 3 Explicative Framework
		Chapter 6 Emerging Realities
			6.1 New Emerging Phenomena
			6.2 Knowledge Gap
				Types of gaps
					Digital divide
					Cognitive divide
					Scientific divide
				Impact of the divides
					New centers and peripheries
					Intrasocietal differences
					Reinforcing old social divides
			6.3 Multilevel and Global Governance
				Multilevel governance
				Global governance
				Future challenges
			6.4 Commercialization of Science, Technology, and Innovation
				Commercial value of science, technology, and innovation
				Economic models of knowledge production
				Decline of societal relevance
			6.5 Gender Divide
				Women in science, technology, and innovation
				Ambivalent trends
				Public policies
			6.6 Geopolitical Changes
				Regional changes
				China’s rise
				Geopolitical and geoeconomic shift
			6.7 Science and Emerging Technologies
				New scientific and technological areas
				Future implications
			6.8 Virtual World
				Development and cooperation
				Virtual conflicts
				Cyberspace governance
		Chapter 7 Roles of Scientific Knowledge
			7.1 Resource for Economic Gain
			7.2 Instrument of Power
			7.3 Mechanism of Social Innovation
			7.4 Democratizing Element
			7.5 Strategic-Military Factor
		Chapter 8 Configuration of International Scientific Relations
			8.1 Systemic Parameters
				Actors
				Interactions and relations
				Processes
					Production
					Intermediation
					Distribution
					Application
					Governance
				Emerging realities
			8.2 Global Structure
				Polarization
				Distribution
				Hierarchization
				Segmentation
				Sectorization
		Chapter 9 International Scientific Relations and the International System
			9.1 Interactions with other Subsystems
				Economic system
				Political system
				Strategic-military system
				Social system
			9.2 Macrotrends
				Continuity macrotrends
				Change macrotrends
			9.3 Implication for the International System
		Conclusions
			Role of science, technology, and innovation
			Global configuration of international scientific relations
			International scientific relations and international system
			Epilogue
End Matter
	References
	Index