International Perspectives on English Private Tutoring: Theories, Practices, and Policies

Series Editors’ Foreword
	Reference
Acknowledgements
Contents
Note on Contributors
Abbreviations
List of Figures
List of Tables
Private Tutoring: A Global Phenomenon in ELT
	Introduction
	Definitions and Vocabularies of EPT
	Scale and Nature of EPT
	Structure of the Volume
	References
Part I: Researching English Private Tutoring in English as an Additional Language Countries: Theories and Issues
	Investing in English Private Tutoring to Achieve an Ideal Multilingual Self: Evidence from Post-Soviet Kazakhstan
		Introduction
		English Private Tutoring (EPT) and Sociolinguistic Changes in Central Asia
		Raising Children and Young People’s Voices Through Participation
		Theoretical Framework
		The Study Details
		Findings and Discussion
			The Effect of EPT on Social Equality
			Modes of EPT
			Motives for Having EPT and Its Effectiveness
		Implications and Conclusion
		References
	English Private Tutoring and Washback in Japan
		Introduction
		University entrance exams and washback
		EPT at juku and yobikō
		Washback on Teaching and Learning Content in EPT
		Washback on Teaching and Learning Methods in EPT
		Washback on Motivation and Proficiency in EPT
		Washback on Teaching in High School and the Role of EPT
		Four-Skills Reform and the Future Role of EPT
		Conclusions and Recommendations
		References
	The Nature and Scope of English Private Tutoring: An Analysis of the Shadowing Process and Middle-Class Identity in Globalising India
		Introduction
		Research on English Private Tutoring—An Overview
		The Study
		The Nature and Scope of English Private Tutoring
			Tutoring for English as a Subject: A Part of the ‘Shadow Education’ System
			Coaching for Spoken English Language Support: Tutoring Beyond ‘Shadow Education’
		English Private Tutoring for the Contemporary Indian Middle-Classes
		Conclusion and Implications
		References
	Chinese Parents’ Agency in Children’s English Learning in Private Tutoring: An Ecological Perspective
		Introduction
		Parents’ Agency in Children’s English Learning and in Children’s EPT
		The Two Studies
			Hong Kong and Nanchang
			Participants
			Data Collection and Analysis
		Enacting Agency in Hong Kong and Nanchang
			Hong Kong Parents’ Enactment of Agency
			Nanchang Parents’ Enactment of Agency
		Comparing Parents’ Agency in Two Studies and Implications
		References
Part II: Practices and Policies of English Private Tutoring: Case Studies in English as an Additional Language Countries
	The Dynamics of Private Tutoring and the English Language in Bangladesh
		Introduction
		The Origin of Tutoring in Bangladesh
		Tutoring as Edu-Business in a Neoliberal World
			Nature and Extent of the Spread of PT and PT-E
			Reasons for the Spread of PT-E
			Effectiveness of PT-E
			Government Regulation of Tutoring and Coaching Centres
		Reincarnation of Tutoring During the COVID-19 Pandemic
		Conclusion and Implications
		References
	A Sociocultural Perspective on English Private Tutoring in South Korea in the Last Two Decades: A Critical Review
		Introduction
		Methodological Considerations
			Government Surveys
			Academic Studies
			Media and Policy Documents
		Findings
			Practices
			Research
				Effects of EPT on English Achievement
				Factors Affecting Participation in EPT
				Perceptions of and Experiences in EPT
			Policies
		Discussion
		Future Directions
		References
	English Private Tutoring: The Case of Brazil
		Introduction
		Overview of the Brazilian Context
		Conceptual Framework
		English Language Teaching in Brazil
		Teacher Education and English Private Tutoring in Brazil
		Private Tutoring in Brazil
		Overview of the Current Situation
		A Glimpse into Latin America
		Conclusion
		References
	The Role of English Private Tutoring for English Grades and Study Abroad Intent: The Case of Germany
		Introduction
		The Growing Importance of English as an Academic Subject and a Lingua Franca
		The Rise of English Private Tutoring
		English Private Tutoring for Academic Success and Study Abroad Intent
		Implications and Directions for Further Research
		References
	Tutors’ Perspectives of English Private Tuition in France: Challenges and Implications
		Introduction
		Theoretical Background
			Who Are the Tutors?
			Bourdieu’s Capital Theory
			Native vs. Non-native English-Speaking Teachers
		Methodology
		Data and Results
		Analysis and Results
			First Experience as Tutor of English
		Tutor or Teacher?
		Daily Routine
		Natural English Language Skills
		Discussion
		Conclusion and Implications
		References
	English Private Tutoring at a Transition Point in Morocco’s Education System: Its Scale, Nature, and Effectiveness
		Introduction
		Private Tutoring (PT) in Morocco and Beyond
		Theoretical Framework
		Data and Methodology
		Findings and Discussion
			Location: Virtual and Physical Environments
			Locus of Control: Frequency and Motives of Having EPT
			Pedagogy: Advantages and Disadvantages of EPT
		Conclusion and Implications
		Appendix
		References
Part III: English Private Tutoring for Immigrants and Ethnic Minorities in English-Speaking Countries
	ESL Private Tuition in the UK: Social Mobility and Discourses of Integration
		Introduction
		Private Tuition, Social Mobility, and Demography in the UK
		ESL Tuition and Learner Identity in the Second Language Context
		ESL Private Tuition, Neoliberal Education, and Discourses of Integration
		ESL Learners, University Study, and Career Outcomes: Discourse and Practice
		Conclusion and Implications
		References
	Non-Formal Adult English Tutoring in the United States
		Introduction
		Immigration and Language in the United States
		Education Level and Immigrants in the Workforce
		Context: Immigrants, Language, and the State of California
		The Role of Non-Formal English Tutoring
		Grassroots ESL Case Study
		Welcome to Azusa, California
		Grassroots ESL
		Grassroots ESL Beginnings
		English for a Healthy Life
		Tutor Training, Resources, and Approaches
		Benefits and Strengths of the Programme
		Challenges and Opportunities
		Implications
		References
	Shadow Education in Literacy for Migrant Students Learning in English as an Additional Language in Australian Primary Schools
		Introduction
		SE and Capital Exchanges
		The Study
		SE and Capital Exchanges
			Kanthi and Thanuja: SE to Enable Parental Involvement for Outstanding Academic Results
			Meilin and Lingli: Questioning the Necessity of SE as a Means of Parental Involvement for Outstanding Results and Opportunities for Prestigious Schooling
			Pei-Shan and Andrew: Parental Involvement Through SE for Outstanding Results and Prestigious Schooling Opportunities
		Policy Contexts and Family Decisions
		References
	Private Tutoring in English: Lessons Learnt and Ways Forward
		Introduction
		The Diverse Motives for EPT Participation
			Educational and Social Inequalities
			Complex Identities of English Language Tutors
		Regulations Concerning the Provision of PT and the Lessons Learnt
		Conclusion and Implications
		Future Directions
		References
Index