International Handbook of Evidence-Based Coaching: Theory, Research and Practice

International Handbook of
Evidence-Based Coaching
	Preface
		References
	Contents
	Coaching Definitions and Concepts
		Influence Through Coaching Definitions and Concepts
		Coaching Definitions and Their References to Coaching Concepts
			Difficult Delimitation
			Coaching and Counselling
			Coaching to Promote Solution and Result-Oriented Self-Reflection
		Coaching Concepts
			Psychoanalytical or Psychodynamic Concepts
			The GROW Model and Goal-Oriented Coaching
			Different Systemic Coaching Concepts
			Neurolinguistic Programming
			Cognitive Behavioral Coaching Concepts
			Solution-Focused Coaching
			Positive Psychological Coaching
			Result-Oriented Coaching
			Narrative Coaching
		Clarifying and Discussing Differences and Similarities
		References
	How Can Coaching Practitioners Learn from Science?
		Introduction
		Science Views and Coaching Directions
			Empirical-Analytical Science Views
			Constructivist Critique of the Empirical-Analytical Paradigm
				Radical Constructivism
				Social Constructivism
				Systemic Constructivism
				Constructivism in Philosophy of Science and Practice
		How Can Scientific Results Be Used in Practice?
		Conclusion
		References
	Affective Change for Action Control and Self-Growth in Coaching
		Coaching Occasions from a PSI Theoretical Perspective
			Problems in Achieving Goals or Implementing Difficult Intentions
			Difficulties in Solving Occupational Problems or Learning from Mistakes
		Self-Regulatory Competences and Their Promotion Through Coaching
			Self-Motivation and Self-Relaxation
			Self-Opening
		References
	Approaches to the Coaching Process: An Interaction-Analytical View
		Introduction
		The Coaching Process: From General Structure to Interaction
		The Verbal Interaction Behaviour of Coach and Client
		On the Non-Verbal Interaction Behaviour of Coach and Client
		Conclusion
		References
	Assessment in Coaching
		Case Study
		Introduction
		The State of Research
		Diverse Approaches to Assessment in Coaching and Their Systematization
			Schools of Thought in Coaching Assessment
			Systematization of Assessment Approaches in Coaching: The Kassel Coaching Grid
			The Importance of Diagnostics in Coaching
		References
	Behavioral Modification and Its Relevance in Coaching
		Case Study
		Definition
		Basic Theories
		Interventions: Building Up or Reducing Behavior
			S Interventions
			O-Interventions
			R Interventions
			C, K Interventions
			Token Economy
		Implications for Coaching
		References
	Brain-Focused Coaching
		What Is Brain-Focused Coaching?
		Brain-Focused Aspects of Sustained Change
			Direction: The Goal Clarification of Change
			Decision: The Action Plan to Change
			Drive: The Motivational Factors of Change
			Determination: The Volition Aspect of Change
		The CARE Model: A Brain-Focused Approach
			The Core Processes of the CARE Model
			The Neuroscience Evidence of the CARE Model
		Conclusion
		References
	Bullying as a Topic in Coaching
		Introduction of the Concept of Bullying
			Consequences of Bullying
			Causes of Bullying
				Causes in the Organization and in the Working Group
				Causes in the Perpetrator
				Causes in the Bullying Victim
		Intervention Options
			Coaching of Bullying Victims
			Perspectives for Bullying Interventions Through Coaching
				Coaching the Perpetrator
				Coaching of Managers
		Conclusion
		References
	Burnout: Characteristics and Prevention in Coaching
		Upcoming Burnout Due to Permanent Overload
			Definition and Symptoms
			Causes
		Diagnostic Methods
			Burnout Diagnosis
		Phase Models for Burnout
		Intervention Methods
			Effectiveness of Different Methods
			Psychotherapeutic Treatment of Burnout
			Burnout Prevention Through Coaching
				Improvement by Restructuring the Burnout-Inducing Conditions and Strengthening Environmental Resources
				Behavioral Prevention: Individual Resources, Relaxation, and Self-Calming
				Healthy Sleep
		Developing and Evaluating Effective Combinations of Methods
		References
	Business Coaching in Top Management
		Business Coaching with a Top Manager
		Top Managers and Executives
			Top Management as Elite
			Personality Traits of Managers at Different Hierarchical Levels
		The Mysterious Car Wash
		Topics in C-Suite Coaching
		The Interventions in Top Management Coaching
		Conclusion
		References
	Career Coaching
		Case Study: Career Coaching
		Current State of Research on Career Coaching
			Relevance of Career Topics in Coaching
			Concept and Areas of Application of Career Coaching
		Diagnostics in Career Coaching
			Evaluation of the Person-Job Fit
			Assessing Values, Motives, and Competencies in Career Coaching
		Career Coaching as Change Support
			Adapting to Changing Contextual Conditions During Career Coaching
			Example of a Career Coaching Concept Supporting Change
			Process Characteristics of Effective Change Support Through Career Coaching
		Conclusion
		References
	Coaching in the Context of Organizational Change
		Introduction
		Dealing with Change Processes: A Relevant Indicator for Coaching?
		What Does Change-Specific Coaching Mean?
		The ``Job Demands-Resources´´ Model as a Theoretical Framework
		Research Overview: Evaluation of Change-Specific Coaching
		Change-Specific Coaching: Practical Recommendations
			Design of Change-Specific Coaching Processes
			Assessment of Clients´ Change-Specific Coaching Needs
			Key Competencies of a Coach in the Context of Organizational Change
		Conclusion
		References
	Coaching for Sustainability
		Introduction
		Sustainability and Leadership
		Coaching Is an Effective Modality to Promote Change
		Models of Behavior Change
		Coaching for Sustainability
		Call to Action
		References
	The Coaching Relationship
		Introduction
		Coaching Relationship as a ``Common Factor´´
		View into ``Relationship Research´´
		Coaching Relationship as a Result of Successful Cooperation
		Coaching Alliance as a Result of Coach and Client Behaviour
		Suggestions for Practice
		Coaching Relationship and Personality of Coach and Client
			Personal Characteristics
			Gender Aspects
		General Expectation of Self-Efficacy
		Suggestions for Practice
		Coaching Relationship as a Co-created Process of a Developing Relationship
		Framework Conditions Voluntariness and Confidentiality
		Coaching Relationship and Temporality
		Principle of Trust and Transparency
		Suggestions for Practice
		Coaching Relationship as Encounter
		Summary
		References
	Coaching Supervision
		Case
		Introduction
		Origin and Definition of Coaching Supervision
		Types of Coaching Supervision
		Functions of Coaching Supervision: And Its Effect?
		Models of Coaching Supervision: The ``Seven-Eyed´´ Model
		``Popularity´´ and Dissemination of Coaching Supervision
		References
	Communication as a Method and as a Topic in Coaching
		Case Study
		Communication: Basics
		Communication Models
		Coach´s Communication in Coaching
		Communication in the Client´s Everyday Relationships
		References
	Complex Problem-Solving in Coaching
		Introduction
		Case Study
		Systematizing the Requirements of Complex Problems
		What Does Complexity Mean from a Scientific Point of View?
			In Coaching
		Making Emotions Productive
			In Coaching
		Unmask Thinking Traps
			In Coaching
		Hints for the Coaching Practice
		Conclusion
		References
	Conflict Transformation in Coaching
		Case Study
		Concepts from Conflict Research
		Definition of Conflict
		Types of Conflict and Their Conditions of Origin
		Conflict Processes
			Intrapsychic Processes
			Escalation Processes
		Dealing with Conflicts
			Conflict Management Strategies
			Methods of Conflict Management
		Application of Practical Methods in Coaching
		Conclusion
		References
	Crises as a Problem in Coaching
		Case Study
		Definition and Characteristics of Crises
		Impact of Crises
			Physiological Effects
			Cognitive Effects
			Emotional Effects
			Effects on Self-Regulation or Self-Leadership
		Interventions for Crisis Management and Prevention
			Interventions at the Physiological-Regenerative Level
			Interventions at the Cognitive-Emotional Level
				Promoting Constructive Thinking
				Promoting Constructive Handling of Emotions
			Intervention at the Instrumental Level
				Self-Management and Self-Leadership
				Concrete Problem-Based Measures
		Conclusion
		References
	Culturality in Coaching
		Introduction
		Defining Diversity
		Defining Culture
		Managing Diversity
		Leadership as a Function of Cultural Difference
		Cultural Competence in Coaching
		Coaching Across Cultures
		Conclusion
		References
	Decision-Making as a Focus in Business Coaching
		Introduction
		Practical Example: Everyday Life Is Surprising
		Decision-Making in Organizations
			Theoretical Background
			Transfer into Coaching Practice
		Decision-Making Behavior of People in Function and Role
			Research Findings
			Tools
			Transfer into Coaching Practice
		Designing Decision-Making Processes as a Topic in Individual Coaching
			Research Findings
			Tools
			Transfer into Coaching Practice
		Decision-Making and Organization: What Role Does the Individual Play?
			Research Findings
			Transfer into Coaching Practice
		Conclusion
		References
	E-Coaching: An Overview
		Introduction
		Outlines of a Media Theory of Coaching
		Traditional Communication Media in Coaching
			Face-to-Face Coaching
			Letter-Based Coaching
		Electronic Synchronous Communication Media in Coaching
			Telephone Coaching
			Video Coaching
			Text Chat Coaching
		Electronic-Asynchronous Communication Media in Coaching
			E-mail and SMS Coaching
			Voice Mail Coaching
			Video Mail Coaching
			Avatar Coaching
		Natural Problem-Solving Tools
		Electronic Problem-Solving Tools
			Electronic Non-coaching-Specific Problem-Solving Tools
			Electronic Coaching-Specific Problem-Solving Tools
		References
	Embodiment and Its Importance for Coaching
		Introduction
		Case Study
		Scientific Background of Embodiment
		Embodiment in Coaching Practice
		Open Questions
		References
	Emotion Regulation and Coaching
		Mike: A Case Study from Practice
		Theoretical Basics
			Emotions, Feelings, Motives: Clarification of Concepts and Theoretical Contexts
			Forms of Emotion Regulation: An Attempt at a Taxonomy
		Significance for Coaching
			Emotion Work: Emotion Regulation at the Workplace
		Possibilities in Coaching: Emotional Regulation and Change Processes
		Conclusion: Back to the Case Study
		References
	Emotional Intelligence and Its Relevance for Coaching
		Introduction
		Emotional Intelligence
		Ability Emotional Intelligence
		Mixed Emotional Intelligence
		EI and Success
			EI and Personal Success
			EI and Professional Success
		How Is EI Relevant for Coaching?
			Emotional Intelligence as a Coaching Competency
		Emotional Intelligence for Content Coaches
		Conclusion
		References
	Ethics and Ethical Competence in Coaching
		A Practical Example
		The Importance of Ethics for Coaching
		Relevant Terms and Concepts
		Ethical Issues and Areas of Conflict in Coaching
			Dialogical Attitude of the Coach
			A Narrowed View of Mankind and Implicit Assumptions
			Narrowed Responsibility Horizon: Effects of Action
			Conflicts of Values, Ethical Dilemmas
			Supporting Forums for Ethical Reflection
		Open Questions
		References
	Family Businesses in Coaching: Specific Dynamics
		Preliminary Remarks
		Specific Dynamics in Family Businesses
		Coaching in the Context of Family Businesses
		De-dramatizing and Dissolving Personal Attributions
		Clarifying the Systems: The Chair Exercise
		Conflicts and Psychological Contracts
		Succession Issues in Coaching
			Questions to the Senior
			Questions to the Junior
		The Expectation Carousel: Coaching of Managers and Company Successors
		External Management
		Concluding Remarks
		References
	Feedback for Performance Development: A Review of Current Trends
		Case Study
		Feedback and Coaching
		Research on Feedback in Organizations
		Ongoing Feedback and the Use of Technology
		Multisource Feedback
		Strength-Based Performance Feedback
		Summary
		References
	The Forms of Contact: An Approach to Theme, Process, State, and Methods in Coaching
		Introduction: The Challenging Client: A Case Study
		On Contact
			The Cycle of Experience
			The Forms of Contact
		Contact in Coaching
			The Client Perspective
			The Coach Perspective
			The Coaching Relationship Perspective
			The Coaching Theme Perspective
		Intervention Strategies
			Working with the Cycle of Experience
			Intervening the Contact
		Summary
		References
	The Future of AI in Coaching
		Scenario
		What Do We Mean by AI?
		The Benefits and Dangers of AI
		How Can an AI Add Value to Coaching?
		Who Is at Risk from AI?
		Coach-AI Partnerships
		A Research Agenda
		Summary
		References
	Gender Theoretical Impulses for Theory and Practice of Coaching
		Introduction
		The Functionalisation of Gender in the Context of Leadership Conflicts: A Case Study
		Dimensions of Gender
		Gender as a Structural Category
		Gender as a Social Construction
		Gender as a Category of Conflict
		Outlook
		References
	Goals in Coaching Practice
		Introduction
		Do SMART Goals Encourage Scruffy Thinking in Coaching?
		What Are Goals?
		Goals and Self-Regulation Are Central to Coaching
		The Multifaceted Nature of Goals
		Time Framing
		Outcome Goals
		Avoidance and Approach Goals
		Performance and Learning Goals
		Complementary and Competing Goals
		Unconscious Goals?
		Self-Concordant Goals
		Goal Hierarchies
		Goal Neglect
		Putting this all Together
		Goal Choice and Action Planning
		So What? Does Goal Theory Matter in Practice?
		Conclusion
		References
	Growth- and Security-Orientation in Coaching: Success through Motivational Fit
		Case Study: A New Management Task as an Opportunity or a Risk
		Growth- and Security-orientation: Two Perspectives on One Goal
			Theory of Regulatory Focus
			The Role of Self-regulation in Coaching
		Motivational Congruence as the Key to Self-determined Goal Pursuit
			The Regulatory Fit or the Feeling of Feeling Right
			Empirical Findings on the Effect of Regulatory Fit
			Empirical Studies to Create a Regulatory Fit in Coaching
		Conclusion and Practical Transfer
		References
	Health in Coaching
		Case Study
		The Concept of Health
		The Importance of Health in the Coaching Process
		Systematization of Health Determinants
		Interventions to Support the Coaching Process
			Interventions with Conditional Objectives
			Interventions with Personal Objectives
		Conclusion
		References
	Health Coaching Research
		Introduction
		Health and Well-being Outcomes of Health Coaching
		Health Status and Indicators of Physical Health
		Health Behaviors
		Psychosocial Outcomes
		Summary
		Health Coaching Theoretical Frameworks and Approaches
		Coaching Professionals, Certification, and Competencies
		The Changing Landscape of Health and Health Coaching
		References
	Implicit Leadership Theories and their Importance in Coaching
		Implicit Leadership Theories
		What Are Implicit Leadership Theories?
		Variants of Implicit Leadership Theories
		Consequences of Implicit Leadership Theories
			Effects on Classification and Identification of Leaders
			Effects on the Cooperation between Leaders and Followers
		Changeability of Implicit Leadership Theories
		Coaching with Implicit Leadership Theories
			Bamberg Coaching Approach
			Use of Implicit Theories in Coaching
				Step 1: What Is My Goal?
				Steps 2 and 3: How Do I See Myself? How Do I Want to See Myself?
				Step 4: How Do Others See Me? What Do Others Expect from Me?
				Step 5: How Are Internal and External Views Related? What Patterns of Self-representation Result from This?
				Step 6: In Which Framework Conditions Do I Work? Which Conditions Are Relevant for My Coaching Topics?
				Step 7: Which Competences Can I Develop? Which Competences Are Important for me to Achieve My Goals?
				Step 8: Which Leader Identity Do I Want to Establish in the Long Term?
		Conclusion
		References
	Individual and Collective Defense Mechanisms
		Introduction
		Case Study
		The Concept of Defense Mechanisms
		High Level of Integration
		Moderate Level of Integration
		Low Level of Integration
		Empirical Research
		Operationalization and Assessment of Defense Mechanisms
		Empirical Findings
		Collective Defense Mechanisms
		Team Focus
		Organizational Focus
		Conclusion
		References
	Insights Through Coaching
		Case Example
		Introduction
			What Is Called an Insight or Aha! Experience?
		Fixedness as Impasse Creators
		Overcoming Functional Fixedness
		Neuroscientific Research
			The Default Mode Network
			Cognitive Neuroscience of Insight
			Future Research on Real-World Problem-Solving
			Role of External Stimuli or Nudges
		Fostering Insight in Coaching
			The Setup of the Coaching Session
			The Role of the Coach
		Approaches in Coaching to Gain Insight
			Time to Think
			Circular Questioning
			The ABCDE Model in Cognitive-Behavioral Coaching
			The Miracle Question in Solution-Focused Coaching
			Summarizing Different Hint Techniques in Coaching
		Beyond the Aha! Moment
		Conclusion
		References
	Interaction as a Basic Theme in Coaching
		Introduction
		Case Study: Part 1
		The Perception of Interaction
		Basic Problems of Cooperation
		Case Study: Part 2
		Formal Interaction Logic
		The Importance of the Three Interaction Dimensions
		Suggestions from Experimental Dilemma Research for Coaching
		Practical Recommendations for Interaction
		Case Study: Part 3
		References
	Interaction Dynamics in Groups
		Case Study
		Group Dynamics as a Starting Point for Coaching Interventions
			The Method: Interaction Analysis
			Dysfunctional Interaction Processes in Teams
			Positive Interaction Cycles in Teams
		Conclusion
		References
	Language and Meaning as Basic Topics in Coaching
		Introduction: Language as a Meaningful Tool in Coaching
		Cognitive Science and Social-psychological Background
			Semantic Pointers: How the Brain Represents Meaning
			Affect Control: How Meanings Encode Implicit Social Norms
		Practical Relevance Using the Example of ``Contextual Coaching´´
			Phase 1: Discussion Framework and Clarification of Mandate
			Phase 2: Query Content Level
			Phase 3: Uncovering ``Contexts´´
			Phase 4: Destroying Dysfunctional ``Contexts´´ and Justification Histories
			Phase 5: ``Context Change´´: From Victim to Perpetrator to Creator
			Phase 6: Recontextualization and Reorientation
		Conclusion
		References
	Leadership Coaching
		Case Study
		Introduction
		Current State of Research on Leadership Coaching
		Special Features of Leadership Coaching
			Leadership Context as a Framework Condition
			Requirements for Coaches
			What Is Good Leadership?
		Conclusion
		References
	Leadership Theories as Knowledge Base in Coaching
		Case Study
		Scientific Theories or Practical Experience?
		Tasks, Functions, and Models of Leadership
			Tasks, Functions, and Roles of Managers and Leaders
		Management Instruments and Tools
			Communication
		Leadership Styles and Behavior
			Styles and Behavior
			Situational Approaches
			Social Cognition and Motivation
			Transformational Leadership
		Conclusion
		References
	Learning as the Basis for Coaching
		Coaching and Learning
		Case Study
		Self-Regulated Learning as a Basis for Coaching
			Triggering and Maintaining Factors of Self-Regulation Through Coaching
			Supporting Learning Processes Through Coaching
			Coaching as Support for Removing Barriers in Self-Regulation-Based Learning Processes
		Personal Learning Variables in Self-Regulation in Coaching Processes
		Summary and Final Consideration
		References
	Meaning as a Topic in Coaching
		Introduction
		Case Study: Eve´s Quest for Freedom
		Why Is the Question of Meaning So Important, Especially Today?
		What Is Meaning?
		Finding Meaning Through Coaching
		Finding and Fulfilling Meaning as a Central Task in Coaching
			Three Approaches to Creating and Making Meaning
		Approach to the Practice of Meaning Making
			Joint Immersion in Certain Experiences
			Examine and Change Relationships with Others
			Reflection on Values and Questions of Meaning in the Protreptic Dialogue
		Conclusion
		References
	Means of Verbal and Non-verbal Communication in Coaching
		Introductory Example
		The Importance of Verbal and Non-verbal Communication in Coaching
		Relevant Framework Conditions of Coaching Communication
			Roles
			Environment
			Target Structure
		Use of Verbal Means of Communication
			Listening
			Questions
			Metacommunication
			Keywords and Phrases
			Metaphors
			Humor
		Use of Non-verbal Means of Communication
			Proxemics
			Haptic Signals
			Body Language
		Conclusion and Outlook
		References
	Mental Disorders in Coaching
		A Case Study
		Diagnosis: Social Phobia F40.1 (ICD-10)
		The Group of Phobic Disorders
		On the Etiology of the Disorder from a Psychodynamic Point of View
		On the Etiology of the Disorder from a Cognitive-Behavioral Point of View
		Treatment Options for Social Phobia
		Conclusion for the Coaching Practice
		References
	Mentalization in Coaching
		Introduction
		The Mentalization Concept
			Mentalization as a Bridge Between Mindfulness and Empathy
			Prementalizing as Non-effective Mentalizing
			Stress-Related Mentalization
			Mentalization in an Organizational Context
		Mentalization in Coaching Practice
			Differences Between Clinical Context and Coaching
			Fundamentals of Mentalization-Based Treatment (MBT)
			Mentalization in Coaching
		Conclusion
		References
	Metaphors of ``Organization´´ and Their Meaning in Coaching
		Introduction
			Metaphors and Their Use
			Detailed Case Study
		Organizational Metaphors
			The Exploitation Metaphor
			The Machine Metaphor
			The Needs Metaphor
			The Problem-Solving Metaphor
			The Organism Metaphor
			The Politics Metaphor
			The Cost Metaphor
			The Self-Organization Metaphor
			The Network Metaphor
		Strengths and Weaknesses of the Different Metaphors
		Experience with Metaphors
		References
	Micropolitics, Gender, and Emotional Labor in Coaching
		Three Case Studies
		Gender, Organization, and Emotion: The Example of the Leadership Stereotype
		Power and Organizational Politics
		What Does Micropolitical Competence Mean?
			The Micropolitical Competence Model
			Self-Competence: What Am I Willing to Do?
			Professional Competence: What Do I Need to Know About Micropolitics?
			Activity Competence: What Exactly Can I Do?
			Social-Communicative Competence: Which Specific situation, Which Rules and Norms, Which Interaction Partners Am I Dealing with?
		Emotional Labor as Micropolitical Competence
			Rule 1: Be Cool and Confident
			Rule 2: Ignore Sexual Harassment and Control Sexual Attraction
			Rule 3: Be caring and Responsible
			Rule 4: Never be Aggressive
		Conclusion
			Flexibility and Role Distance
			Political Emotion and Affect Management
		References
	Mindfulness in Coaching
		Introduction
		Importance and Application of Mindfulness
		Mindfulness in Coaching
			Mindfulness for the Coach
			Mindfulness for the Client
		Specific Application Fields of Mindfulness in Coaching
			Infobox 1
		Conclusion
		References
	Motivation and Goal Setting with Motto-Goals in Coaching
		Case Study
		The Theoretical Elements of Motto-Goals
			Two Systems: The Mind and the Unconscious
			Goal Types
			Multiple Code Theory According to Bucci
		Motto-Goals in Practice
		References
	Motivation, Volition, and Implementation in Coaching
		The Gap Between Goals and Actions
			How Rigorously Do We Implement Planned Behavior Changes?
			Big Questions for Science and Practice
		Motivation and Action
			Content Theories
			Process Theories
			Self-efficacy
			Self-determination
			Social Context
		Action Planning and Volition: The Rubicon Model
			Clarifying Goals Is Not Enough
		The Rubicon Model
			Formulation of Implementation Intentions
		The Extended Rubicon Model
			Unforeseen Difficulties in Implementation
			Extensions of the Rubicon Model
			Resource Activation with Embodiment
			Actional Implementation, Reflection, and Improvement
			Changing Habits
		Coaching Methods to Accompany Implementation Processes
			Virtual Transfer Coaching
			Sustainable Behavior Changes by Implementation Accompaniment
		Perspectives of Research on Bridging the Gap Between Goal and Implementation
		References
	Motivational Interviewing as a Tool for Coaching in the Workplace: Coaching for Organizational Change
		Case Study
		Motivating for Change in Organizations
		Origins and Theoretical Background of MI
		Key Components of MI
			MI Spirit
			Communication Methods
		Using MI for Coaching in the Workplace
			Providing Employees with Guidance in the Direction of Change
			MI´s Emphasis on Change-Related Language
			Using MI for Change at the Individual and Group Level
		Teaching MI in Organizations
			MI Training
			Measuring MI Proficiency
		Conclusion
		References
	The Organizational Context in Coaching
		A Practical Example
		Scientifically Founded Theories/Systematizations
		Concepts for Formal Organizational Patterns
		Concepts of Non-formal Organizational Patterns
		Concepts on Informal Structural Phenomena
			The Organizational Culture Concept
			Organizational Process Models
		Transfer to Coaching Practice
		Open Questions
		References
	Organizational Culture and Coaching
		Culture and Coaching
		Three Guiding Perspectives
			Culture as Context
			Culture as the Target of Change
			Creating a Culture of Coaching
		Conclusion
		References
	Perception and Judgement Formation and Their Significance in Coaching
		Perception and Judgement and Their Importance in Coaching
			Case Study
			Social Perception and Judgement
		Typical Distortions of Social Perception and Corresponding Judgements
			Correspondence Bias and Difference Between Actor and Observer
			Self-serving Attribution Distortions
			Deduction from Oneself to Others
			Self-fulfilling Prophecy
		Coaching Interventions to Expand Perception
			Situation Exploration with Visualisation
			Circular Questions
			Two-Chair Method
			Homework and Experiments
		Perception of Inner Processes
		Summary
		References
	Personality Development and Coaching
		Introduction
		Stability and Changeability of Personality in Adulthood
			Definition of Personality
			Forms of Personality Development
			Personality Development in Different Phases of Life
			Causes of Personality Changes
		Personality Development and Coaching
			Targeted Personality Change
			Coaching in the Context of an Aging Workforce
			Perspectives for Coaching to Prompt Personality Development
		References
	Power and Micropolitics as a Topic in Coaching
		A Case Study
		On the Concept of Micropolitics
		On the Concept of Power and the Use of Power
		Consequences of Exerting Promotive or Restrictive Control
		Consequences of Micropolitics
		Power and Micropolitics as Topics in Coaching
		Conclusion
		References
	Problems of Teamwork as a Topic in Coaching
		A Real-Life Example: When Is Team Coaching Desired?
		What Is Team Coaching?
		Factors of Successful Teamwork
			Division of Labor
			Information Processing
			Loss of Motivation and Gains in Motivation
		PPM To Promote Learning, Work Motivation, and Productivity in Teamwork
		Outlook and Open Questions
		References
	Professionalization in Coaching
		A Practical Example
		Introduction: The Importance of the Topic for Coaching
		Relevant Concepts
			Profession, Professionalization, Professionalism
			Models of Professional Advice (According to E. H. Schein)
			Shaping and Structuring Professional Knowledge
		Concrete Aspects of Professional Action in Coaching
		References
	Pseudoscience and Charlatanry in Coaching
		Introduction
		Scenario
		Characteristics of Pseudoscience
		Neuro-Linguistic Programming as Pseudoscience
			Modelling
			Eye Movement Observation
			Application of the Pseudoscience Criteria to NLP
				Claims of Extraordinary Effects Solely Supported Anecdotally
				Missing Confirmations of the Assumptions and Effects by Scientific Evaluation
					Preferred Representation Systems
					Effectiveness of NLP Methods
				Rejection of Scientific Evaluation Methods or Demanding Alternate Methods
				Imprecise or Distorted Scientific Citations
					Chomsky´s Transformational Grammar
					Anchoring: The Master Tool
					Further Examples of Jumbled Technical Terms and Distorted References
				Summary of the Evaluation of Pseudoscience Criteria for NLP
		Pseudoscience and Charlatanry
		Conclusion
		References
	Quality of the Coaching Service
		Services
		Coaching as a Form of Service
		Service Quality
		Measurement of Service Quality
		Quality of Coaching and Its Measurement
		References
	Reducing Decision Error and the Role of Team Coaching
		Case Study: Decision Error in a Team
			Initial Situation
			Solution Approach
			Concrete Process of Wrong Decision
			Result of the Decision
		Theoretical Background Decision Errors in Groups
			Process Losses and Gains in Group Work
			Decision-Making in Groups
				Transactive Knowledge Systems
				Collective Problem Solving and Decision-Making
				Group Thinking
				Distributed Knowledge
				Collective Learning
		Practical Implications for Coaches
			Reflection of the Leadership Behaviour
			Avoiding Distortion of the Discussion
				Initial Situation
				Methodical Procedure in Coaching
			Building Transactive Memory Systems
				Initial Situation
				Methodical Procedure in Coaching
		Conclusion
		References
	Resilience-A Fashionable Trend or a Paradigm Shift in Prevention and Coaching?
		Resilience Between Megatrend and Paradigm Shift
		Resilience in Theory and Research
			Psychological Resilience Concepts
				Resilience as a Stable Characteristic of the Person across Situations
				Resilience as Dynamic, Transactional Person-Environment Interaction
				Overlap and Distinction from Other Concepts
			State of Research on Protective Factors
		Practical Relevance of Resilience in Coaching
			Importance of Resilience for the World of Work
			Importance of Resilience for the Coaching Context
			Measuring Resilience in Coaching
			Development of Resilience in Coaching
		Conclusion and Outlook
		References
	Roles as a Basic Theme in Coaching
		Case Study
		The Relevance of Roles
		Role-A Form of Expectation Formation
			Person, Role, Programs, and Values
			Conflicting Role Expectations
		Relevance of Role Concept for Coaching
			Conflicts in Organizations
			Newcomers: Getting Used to Unknown Organizational Roles
			Problems at the Organization´s Border
		Outlook-Two Perspectives on the Fit Problems Between People and Roles
		References
	Self-Concepts, Self-Discrepancies, and Their Significance in Coaching
		Unmatched Expectations of Oneself
		Theoretical Foundations of Self-Concept and Self-Discrepancies
			Self-Concept
			Self-Discrepancies
			Negative Emotions Caused by Self-Discrepancy
			Motivation for Goal-Oriented Behavior Through Self-Discrepancy
		Recording and Changing Self-Concept and Self-Discrepancies
			Recording the Actual Self
			Identification of Potential Self-Aspects and Self-Discrepancies
			Capturing an Outside View to Expand the Self-Concept
			Strategies to Reduce Self-Discrepancies
		Self-Optimization or Acceptance of Discrepancies?
		References
	Self-Development and Its Importance in Coaching
		Case Study: Coaching a Sales Director
		Background: Constructivist Stage Models of Development
		Stage Models of Self-Development
		What Is the Essence of the Self and What Is Its Development?
		Developmental Limits of Mike
		Consequences for Mike´s Coaching Process
			Self-Development Issues
			Developmental Coaching with Focus on the Ego/Self
		Conclusion and Open Questions
		References
	Self-Reflection in Coaching
		The Importance of Self-Reflection for Decisions in Complex and Uncertain Change Processes
			Case Example: Fears of a Manager in an Automated Company
			Digital Transformation and Virtual Worlds
			The Importance of Reflexivity in Complex, Post-Traditional Societies
		Self-Reflection and Self-Concept: Theoretical Foundations
			Self-Concepts and Self-Reflection in Coaching
			Result Oriented Self- and Problem-Reflections
		Future Prospects
		References
	Side Effects of Coaching for Clients and Coaches
		Case Study
		Introduction
		Side Effects of Coaching for Clients
		Side Effects of Coaching for Coaches
		Conclusion
		References
	Stress and Stress Management in Coaching
		Stress as the Other Side of the Coin During High Performances
			Case Study: An Executive Wants to Get off the Hamster Wheel
			What Is Stress?
			Stressors
		Recent Models of Stress Causes, Resources, and Stress Consequences
			Physiological Measures, Unwinding and Detachment
		Re-structuring of Stress-Inducing Conditions Versus Behavior Modification in Stress Management
			Re-structuring of Stress-Inducing Conditions-Stressors and External Resources
			Behavior Modification: Stress Management, Relaxation, and Self-Calming
				Stress Management by Time Management
				Multimodal Assessment and Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy
				Relaxation and Self-Calming Techniques
				Breathing Exercises with HRV Biofeedback
				COVID-19 Pandemic
		Outlook
		References
	Success Factors in the Coaching Process
		Introduction
		Success Factors in the Coaching Process
			Three Current Success Factor Models
				The Bernese Success Factors
				Freiburg Success Factor Coaching
			Success Factors for Result-Oriented Coaching
			Comparison of the Success Factor Models
		The Coaching Relationship: Process Guidance and Appreciative, Cooperative Support
			Resource Activation
		Professionalization in Coaching: Improvement of Success Factors
		References
	Systems Theories as a Basis for Coaching
		Introduction and Case Study
		The Numerous Sources for Understanding Systems
			Fundamentals from Early Interdisciplinary Discourses on Systems
			Basics from the Family Therapy Practice
			Narrative-Descriptive System Metaphors
		Essentials of Current Discourses on Systems Theory
		Autopoietic Systems
			Autopoiesis (I) à la Maturana and Varela
			Autopoiesis (II) à la Luhmann
		Gestalt Theoretical and Synergetic Systems Theory
		Conclusion
		References
	Team Coaching and Effective Team Leadership
		Introduction
			Leader
			Team
			External Team Coach
		Comparing Team Coaches to Team Leaders
			Team Coach Characteristics and Skills
			Foci of Transformational Leaders
			Foci of Team Coaches
			Develop a Vision
			Set Goals
			Gain Support
			Deliver Operational Success
			Stimulate Reflection
			Self-Leadership
			Contractual Relationship
		Discussion and Conclusion
		References
	Team Coaching Research: The State of Play
		What Is Team Coaching?
		What Is the Impact of Team Coaching?
		What Do Team Coaches Do and What Happens in Team Coaching?
		Team Leader Coaching
		Team Coaching by an Independent Coach
		Conclusion and Directions for Future Research
		References
	Transference and Countertransference and Their Significance for Coaching
		A Practical Example
		Scientifically Based Theories of Transference and Countertransference
			The Basic Theoretical Pattern of Transference
			Modernized Variants of Transference
			The Basic Theoretical Pattern of Countertransference
			Modernized Variants of Countertransference
		The Importance of Transference and Countertransference in Coaching
		Open Questions
		References
	Transformative Learning and Its Relevance to Coaching
		Introduction
		Coaching Scenario
		Coaching for Performance Improvement
		Role of Transformative Learning
		Subject-Object Shift
		Use of Critical Self-Reflection
		Transformational Coaching
		Roles in Coaching
		Values and Levels of Importance
		Preparing for a Mindful Conversation: Planning Episodes
		Conclusion
		References
	Understanding in Coaching: An Intersubjective Process
		Introduction and Case Study
		Biological and Psychological Perspectives: How Is It Possible for People to Understand Each Other?
		Perspectives of Philosophical Hermeneutics: What Does Understanding Mean?
		Methodological Guidelines for Coaching Practice
		Conclusion
		References
	Values and Their Importance in Coaching
		Case Study
		Values: A Conceptual Summary
			Definition
			Value Dimensions According to Shalom Schwartz
			The Value Concept of Ronald Inglehart
			Cultural Values According to Geert Hofstede
		Values and Their Connection with Attitudes, Behavior, and Experience
		Values and Their Significance in Coaching
		References
	Workplace Coaching Research: Charted and Uncharted Territories
		Introduction: Understanding Workplace Coaching
		A Framework for Synthesizing the Current State of Workplace Coaching Research
		Coaching Effectiveness
		Factors Impacting Coaching Effectiveness and their Suggested Theoretical Foundations
			Input Factors
			Process Factors
			Contextual Factors
		Future Research Agenda: Where Do We Need to Go?
		References