International Encyclopedia of Human Geography, Twelve-Volume Set: Volume 9

COVER......Page 1
COPYRIGHT......Page 5
SENIOR EDITORS......Page 6
SECTION EDITORS......Page 8
GUIDE TO USE OF THE ENCYCLOPEDIA......Page 10
CONTRIBUTORS......Page 12
CONTENTS......Page 38
VOLUME 9......Page 56
SUBJECT CLASSIFICATION......Page 64
FOREWORD by Mary Robinson......Page 76
FOREWORD by Rob Kitchin......Page 78
Introduction......Page 82
Doing Q Research......Page 83
Applications, Limitations, and Cautions......Page 86
Relevant Websites......Page 87
Introduction......Page 88
Inserting Qualitative Data into GIS......Page 89
Mixed-Methods Research......Page 90
Modifying GIS......Page 91
Relevent Websites......Page 92
Introduction......Page 93
Fundamentals......Page 94
Major Approaches and Models......Page 95
Conclusions......Page 98
Relevant Websites......Page 99
Exploration......Page 100
Methods for Multivariate Data......Page 101
Spatial Pattern......Page 102
Regionalization......Page 103
Spatial Regression......Page 104
Spatial Interpolation......Page 105
Further Reading......Page 106
Qualitative and Quantitative......Page 108
The Role of Theory......Page 109
Statistical Models......Page 110
Curve Fitting......Page 111
Optimization......Page 112
Further Reading......Page 113
Antecedents: Regional Geography, World War II, and the Cold War......Page 114
Centers of Geographical Calculation......Page 115
Geography after the Revolution......Page 116
Revolting against the Revolution......Page 118
Further Reading......Page 119
Queer Theory......Page 120
Geographies of Queer: Queer Globalizations and Contestations......Page 122
Queer Geographies......Page 123
The Trouble with Queer Troublings......Page 124
Further Reading......Page 125
Relevant Websites......Page 126
Questionnaire Survey......Page 127
Designing a Questionnaire Survey......Page 128
Constructing the Questionnaire......Page 129
Administering the Questionnaire......Page 130
Further Reading......Page 132
Relevant Websites......Page 133
The Power of Race......Page 134
The Place of Race......Page 136
The Problems of Race Analysis......Page 138
Further Reading......Page 139
Introduction: Race and Racism......Page 140
Cultural Racisms......Page 141
Racism and the Geographies of Whiteness......Page 142
Geography as a White Discipline......Page 143
Antiracist Geographies......Page 144
Relevant Websites......Page 145
The Concept......Page 146
Precursors and Inputs of Radical Environmentalism......Page 147
Outward Influence......Page 150
Summary......Page 152
Relevant Websites......Page 153
Social Relevance......Page 154
Radical Geographical Practice......Page 155
The Radical Critique......Page 156
From Radical to Marxist Geography......Page 157
Marxist Geography......Page 158
Critique of Radical Marxist Geography......Page 162
Relevant Websites......Page 163
Introduction......Page 164
Three Most Original Contributions of Marx......Page 165
Marxian Economics after Marx......Page 166
The Movement for Radical Political Economics in Late Twentieth Century......Page 167
Radical Political Economy and Critical Economic Geography......Page 168
Further Reading......Page 170
Relevant Websites......Page 171
Introduction......Page 172
The Rise of the Railway......Page 173
A New Railway Mania?......Page 175
Conclusion......Page 179
Further Reading......Page 180
Conventional Rational Choice Theory......Page 181
Prisoner’s Dilemma......Page 182
Social Norms and Power......Page 183
Rational Choice Theory and Geography......Page 184
Rational Choice Marxism......Page 185
Further Reading......Page 186
Relevant Websites......Page 187
Glossary......Page 188
Further Reading......Page 190
Relevant Websites......Page 191
Science Colleges and Early Geography Teaching......Page 192
From College to University......Page 193
Geography at the New Universities......Page 194
Birmingham Beginnings......Page 195
The Post-1945 Story......Page 196
Relevant Websites......Page 197
Introduction: Redlining as a Self-Fulfillin Prophecy......Page 198
The Origins of Redlining......Page 199
Redlining in Post-War US......Page 201
Redlining Outside the US and Outside the Mortgage Market......Page 202
The Spatialization of Redlining......Page 203
Further Reading......Page 204
Relevant Websites......Page 205
Who Is a Refugee? Legal definitions......Page 206
Who Is a Refugee? Analytical Definitions......Page 207
Popular Definitions: Why It Matters to be a Refugee......Page 208
Geography and Refugees......Page 209
Relevant Websites......Page 210
Urban Regeneration to Sustainable Cities......Page 211
Relevant Websites......Page 216
Evolution of the Idea......Page 217
Cartographic Region......Page 221
Economic Region......Page 223
Cultural Region......Page 224
Political Region......Page 225
Ecological Region......Page 229
Region Redux?......Page 230
Relevant Websites......Page 231
Regional Actors in Context......Page 232
The New Regionalism......Page 233
Understanding New Regional Actors – The UK, the EU, and the US......Page 234
Conclusion......Page 235
Further Reading......Page 236
Do Regions Compete?......Page 237
Criticisms of Regional Competition......Page 239
Regional ‘Dumping’......Page 240
Policy Debate......Page 241
Assessing the Regions’ Competitive Performance......Page 242
Further Reading......Page 243
Relevant Websites......Page 244
Defining and Measuring Regional Connectivity–Accessibility......Page 246
(Geo)graphical Representations of Regional Connectivity–Accessibility......Page 250
Regional Connectivity–Accessibility and Regional Development......Page 256
Relevant Websites......Page 261
What Is Noneconomic in Regional Development?......Page 262
Social Capital and Embeddedness in Regional Development......Page 263
Networks in Regional Development......Page 264
Power, Mobility, and Territoriality in Regional Development......Page 265
Further Reading......Page 266
Introduction: Technology and Regional Economic Growth......Page 268
Technology and Regions: Basic Phenomena, Processes, and Components......Page 269
Technology and the Regions: Regions as Learning Environments and Systems......Page 271
Further Reading......Page 272
Introduction......Page 273
Neoclassical Convergence Models......Page 274
Circular and Cumulative Causation......Page 275
Theories of Modernization, Dependency, and Unequal Exchange......Page 276
Models of Endogenous Growth II......Page 278
Economic Geography Models......Page 279
Conclusions......Page 281
Relevant Websites......Page 282
Regional Development: What and Why?......Page 283
Location of Human Activity and Regional Development......Page 284
The Convergence Debate......Page 285
Regional Development Policy in Perspective......Page 286
Further Reading......Page 287
Genesis and Core Concept......Page 289
Related Concepts and New Routes......Page 291
Conclusions......Page 293
Further Reading......Page 294
Introduction......Page 295
Regional Geography: A Contested but Necessary Enterprise......Page 296
Defining Regional Geography......Page 297
The Roots of Regional Geography......Page 298
The Decline of Traditional Regional Geography......Page 301
The Emergence of ‘New Regional Geography’......Page 302
Regional Geography and the Concept of the Region......Page 304
Challenging Bounded Regions......Page 305
Further Reading......Page 307
Relevant Websites......Page 308
Introduction......Page 309
The ‘New Regional Geography’, Localities and the Regulation Approach......Page 310
The ‘New Regionalism’......Page 312
The Relational Region......Page 314
Relevant Websites......Page 316
Glossary......Page 317
Which Territorial Units?......Page 318
Which Indicators?......Page 319
National and Regional Inequalities in the EU......Page 320
The Dynamics of Regional Inequalities: Convergence or Divergence?......Page 321
Trends in Regional Inequalities......Page 323
Conclusions......Page 325
Relevant Websites......Page 326
Elements of Innovation Systems......Page 327
Regional Systems of Innovation......Page 328
Nonterritorial Systems of Innovation......Page 329
Toward a Multidimensional Concept of Innovation Space......Page 330
Further Reading......Page 331
Relevant Websites......Page 332
Introduction......Page 333
Defining Regional Integration......Page 334
The Case of European Integration......Page 335
Spatial Tensions Underpinning Processes of Regional Integration......Page 336
Resistance to Regional Integration......Page 337
The Future of Regional Integration......Page 338
Relevant Websites......Page 339
Glossary......Page 340
Defining Regions and Regionalism......Page 341
Regional Planning as Resource Development: 1920–50......Page 342
Regional Planning 1950–80: Welfare Regionalism......Page 343
Regional Planning as Entrepreneurial Regionalism 1980–present......Page 345
The Rise of a New Regionalism......Page 346
Retheorizing Regions and Regional Development......Page 349
Further Reading......Page 351
Glossary......Page 352
Ideal Types......Page 353
Approaches to Studying RPNs......Page 355
Issues......Page 356
Two Case Studies – The Production of Watches and Toyota Automobiles......Page 357
Relevant Websites......Page 359
Theory......Page 360
Empirical Methods......Page 362
Regional Science and the Social Sciences......Page 365
Relevant Websites......Page 366
Introduction......Page 367
Nigel Thrift’s Contextual Regional Geography......Page 368
Critique: From the Region to Analyzing Processes of (Everyday) Regionalization......Page 373
Further Reading......Page 374
Regionalism, Culture, Politics......Page 375
Anti-Regionalism......Page 376
Regionalism Old and New......Page 377
Relevant Websites......Page 378
Methods......Page 379
An Emerging Field?......Page 381
Relevant Websites......Page 382
Undertaking Regression Analysis......Page 383
Assumptions......Page 385
Multiple Regression......Page 386
Transforming the General Linear Model......Page 387
Concluding Remarks......Page 388
Further Reading......Page 389
From Regulation to Mode of Régulation......Page 390
Regulation Theory and Political Geography......Page 392
Extending Regulation......Page 393
Further Reading......Page 394
Situating a Relational Economic Geography Approach......Page 395
The Localized Institutions Strand within Relational Economic Geography......Page 396
Limits to the Localized Institutions Strand in Relational Economic Geography......Page 397
The Agency-Oriented Institutions Strand within Relational Economic Geography......Page 398
The Future of Relational Economic Geography?......Page 399
Further Reading......Page 400
Introduction......Page 401
The Scope and Meaning of Reliability and Validity in Human Geography......Page 402
Measuring Reliability and Validity......Page 403
Further Reading......Page 404
Politics of Sacred Spaces......Page 405
Poetics of Sacred Place......Page 406
Politics of Identity and Community......Page 407
‘New’ Geographies of Religion......Page 408
Further Reading......Page 409
Introduction......Page 410
Contemporary Remittance Channels......Page 411
The Contemporary Significance, Scale, and Geography of Remittances......Page 412
Why Do Migrants Remit?......Page 414
Relevant Websites......Page 415
Introduction......Page 416
Electromagnetic Radiation......Page 417
Resolution......Page 419
Digital Image Processing and Analysis......Page 421
Remote-Sensing Data Types......Page 425
Summary......Page 426
Relevant Websites......Page 427
Introduction......Page 428
Further Reading......Page 431
Geography and the Politics of Representation: An Overview......Page 432
Landscape......Page 433
Feminism......Page 435
Further Reading......Page 436
Relevant Websites......Page 437
The Representation Paradigm in Cartography and Geographic Information Science......Page 438
Geographic Representation and Cognition......Page 439
Representation in Spatial Databases......Page 440
Representation in Geographic Visualization......Page 441
Critiques of Cartographic and Spatial Database Representation......Page 443
Relevant Websites......Page 444
Origins of the Dual Funding Structure......Page 445
Winning Recognition......Page 446
Funding Streams......Page 447
Research Funding and Research Evaluation......Page 448
Further Reading......Page 449
Relevant Websites......Page 450
Theories of Resistance......Page 451
Development and Resistance......Page 452
Geography and Resistance......Page 454
Further Reading......Page 455
Relavant Websites......Page 456
Relationship between Resource Extraction and Economic Development......Page 457
Key Ideas of Environmental Economics......Page 458
Limits of Environmental Economics......Page 460
Relevant Websites......Page 461
Glossary......Page 462
Resource Rights and Organization......Page 463
Resource Industries in Space......Page 465
Resource Cycles and Vulnerabilities......Page 467
Further Reading......Page 469
Relevant Websites......Page 470
Introduction......Page 471
Resource Dependency......Page 472
Resource Management: Considerations and Approaches......Page 473
Further Reading......Page 477
Relevant Websites......Page 478
Geographies of Retail Concentration, Corporate Restructuring, and Regulation......Page 479
Inconstant Geographies and the Spatial Switching of Retail Capital......Page 481
Virtual Geographies of Retail Capital......Page 483
Future Agendas......Page 484
Further Reading......Page 485
Global Events on Environment and Development Pre-Rio......Page 487
The Rio Summit, Agenda 21, and the Millennium Development Goals......Page 488
Progress since Rio......Page 489
Global Environmental Governance......Page 490
Relevant Websites......Page 492
Ritter, Carl (1779–1859)......Page 493
Further Reading......Page 494
Introduction......Page 495
Twentieth-Century River Basin Development – Controlling Nature to Benefit Society......Page 496
River Basin Development in the Global North......Page 497
Exporting the Model – River Basin Development in the Global South......Page 498
Transboundary River Basin Development......Page 501
Further Reading......Page 502
Relevant Websites......Page 503
Rural Community as a Social and Theoretical Concept......Page 504
Key Types/Characteristics......Page 505
Distinctive Social and Economic Processes......Page 506
Rural Communities and the Life course......Page 507
Issues of Viability and Community Development......Page 508
Relevant Websites......Page 509
Introduction......Page 510
The Birth of a Subdiscipline......Page 512
Critical Rural Studies and the Political-Economy Approach......Page 515
The Cultural Turn and the Renaissance of Rural Geography......Page 516
Rural Geography and Cognate Disciplines in International Perspective......Page 517
Current Developments and New Directions......Page 520
Relevant Websites......Page 522
Introduction: Rural Populations Today......Page 523
Key Trends Shaping Rural Populations......Page 524
Studying Rural Populations......Page 525
Beyond Stereotypes of Rural Populations......Page 527
Conclusion: Recognizing Diversity......Page 528
Relevant Websites......Page 529
Introduction: The Problem with Rurality......Page 530
Further Reading......Page 536
Relevant Websites......Page 537
Pre-Soviet Stage......Page 538
Soviet Stage......Page 539
Post-Soviet Stage......Page 542
Further Reading......Page 543