International Development Cooperation Today: A Radical Shift Towards a Global Paradigm

Cover
Contents
	List of figures
		Figure 1: Trend in official development cooperation of all rich countries combined
		Figure 2: Historically, ODA is the most stable external resource for developing countries
		Figure 3: ODA grant equivalent for 2019 (30 countries)
		Figure 4: ODA grant equivalent as a percentage of GNI for 2019 (30 countries)
		Figure 5: The Gavi Alliance
		Figure 6: Inflows of external finance to ODA-eligible countries
		Figure 7: Towards a new development cooperation model
		Figure 8: Visual representation of the Paris Declaration
		Figure 9: Sustainable Development Goals (doughnut visualisation)
		Figure 10: Countries whose SDG Index score has improved or decreased the most since 2015
		Figure 11: Whole-of-Society approach
		Figure 12: Bilateral ODA composition: all DAC countries, 2014
		Figure 13: Trends in decentralised development cooperation
		Figure 14: Trends in official decentralised development cooperation (DDC) financing, net disbursements, USD million, constant 2015 prices
		Figure 15: IGOs in the world system, 1816–2014
		Figure 16: Step by step towards an Africa-EU alliance
		Figure 17: Africa and Europe: a unique and unparalleled strategic proximity
		Figure 18: The UN system
		Figure 19: Resources beyond ODA funds from DAC countries account for between 12% (for the Global Fund) and 60% (for the International Development Association [IDA])
		Figure 20: Non-ODAble contributions make for a large part of financing to the United Nations Development system
		Figure 21: TGI growth 1955–2018
		Figure 22: ODA to and through CSOs, 2010–18 (USD million, disbursements, constant 2018 prices)
		Figure 23: Four types of NGDO strategies to address global challenges
		Figure 24: Saferworld’s localisation spectrum
		Figure 25: Sustainable Development Goals: distance to target
		Figure 26: Distribution of ODA by income group (2017–2018) in millions of USD
	List of tables
		Table 1: Overview of an expanding community of development actors (examples)
		Table 2: Top 10 ODA recipients (2018)
		Table 3: The colonial preference (2007–2017)
		Table 4: Fragmentation of aid
		Table 5: New donors’ development cooperation agencies and their multilateral aid
		Table 6: Voting weightings in the World Bank Group (2020)
		Table 7: The six largest NGDOs in the US
		Table 8: Percentage of Europeans regarding development aid as an important issue
		Table 9: ODA by income category, 1990–2018
	List of boxes
		Box 1. No definition of development cooperation?
		Box 2. ODA is the most stable external resource for developing countries
		Box 3. How relevant is the 0.7% target?
		Box 4. Who owns this well? Partners in problems!
		Box 5. Development impact bonds: private investors and conventional donors join forces
		Box 6. Colonialists, colonisers, colonists, colonials and the colonised
		Box 7. Are colonial attitudes back or are they being magnified by COVID-19?
		Box 8. The role of Chinese training and scholarship programmes in Tanzania
		Box 9. Yet another Marshall Plan
		Box 10. Education aid or how development cooperation is fashion sensitive
		Box 11. Debt under COVID-19
		Box 12. In the driver’s seat?
		Box 13. Findings of the 2018 Monitoring Round of the Global Partnership
		Box 14. Making university development cooperation SDG-proof
		Box 15. The next Einstein will be African
		Box 16. The Trump card
		Box 17. Why Burundi receives less aid than Rwanda
		Box 18. When cultures meet…
		Box 19. Leveraging: the new buzzword
		Box 20. The European Practitioners’ Network for European Development Cooperation
		Box 21. Between policy and practice: What evaluations reveal
		Box 22. Six economic partnership agreements, most of them under negotiation
		Box 23. What Juncker literally said: a snippet
		Box 24. A preferential relationship becomes a reciprocal, interest-driven partnership
		Box 25. Overlap and competition in the UN family
		Box 26. The influence of development agencies’ staff
		Box 27. NGO or CSO: what’s in a name?
		Box 28. Southern NGOs become NGDOs
		Box 29. The difficult task of NGDOs
		Box 30. Local actors in the driving seat of development
		Box 31. Recommendation of the Global Coalition for Social Protection Floors
		Box 32. The Banco Nacional de Bolivia’s support of World Vision
		Box 33. Novel, unconventional actors in international development
		Box 34. Humanitarian jihad
		Box 35. Who gets most out of it?
		Box 36. The saviour complex
		Box 37. International framework agreements
		Box 38. Trade unions and NGDOs
		Box 39. For the dignity of small farmers
		Box 40. The OVOP movement: One Village One Product
		Box 41. More than micro for the masses
		Box 42. Philip Morris International: the smoke screen of corporate social responsibility
		Box 43. From cooperating out of poverty to #coops4dev
		Box 44. Fair trade: an exploitation barometer?
		Box 45. Three-for-one in Mexico
		Box 46. The power of philanthrocapitalism
		Box 47. The Aga Khan Development Network
		Box 48. Panorama or tunnel vision?
		Box 49. Not an island: Cuban health internationalism
		Box 50. Reacting to a biblical catastrophe: the 2019–2020 locust crisis
		Box 51. Riot games
		Box 52. Radi-Aid Award: changing perceptions of poverty and development.
		Box 53. Reaching out for knowledge from the Global South
		Box 54. Changing minds through systemic thinking
		Box 55. Film as a medium for global citizenship education
		Box 56. COVID-19: an unexpected window of opportunity for global citizenship education
		Box 57. Aid and self-reliance: two sides of the same coin?
		Box 58. Evidence-based optimism
		Box 59. Evaluation trends
		Box 60. Nobel Peace Prize laureates: international norm entrepreneurs
		Box 61. Aid helps, but it is not the solution
		Box 62. Financial donors and cultural nitwits
		Box 63. The Samaritan is trapped … and so is the person he has helped
	Abbreviations
	Preface
	Introduction
	Development cooperation in an era of globalisation
		More and more new actors on the scene: is the sector still a community?
		Big donors, generous donors
		More conflicting views and approaches: the arena is getting tough
		More transactional interests: market appeal
		Do new donors have other interests?
		Everybody from payers to players: the emergence of a new paradigm
	From colonialism to the Sustainable Development Goals
		Colonial warm-up exercises
		Technical cooperation and knowledge transfer
		Faith in development aid
		Development cooperation: aid in a global setting
		The Washington Consensus and structural adjustments
		International cooperation, the Millennium Development Goals and the Sustainable Development Goals
		Addressing poverty in exchange for debt relief
		International development cooperation and Paris: introducing order to the community and the market
		The SDGs and the need for a whole-of-government and whole-of-society approach
	It takes two to tango
		Internationally: among specialists
		Recipient countries: donor darlings and donor orphans
	The first pillar: official bilateral cooperation
		Many small players and institutional pluralism
		In search of an institutional foundation for development cooperation
		Decentralisation: to reach the SDGs or also for other reasons?
	The second pillar: multilateral cooperation
		Europe’s development cooperation patchwork
		Multilateral cooperation: the UN galaxy fans out further
	The third pillar:non-governmental development organisations
		A movement with many faces, roles, visions and strategies
		Several generations of NGDOs
		A sector with many different visions and strategies
		A movement with a plural support base
		The sector breaks free from the NGDOs
		Is the new social movement becoming an established network movement?
	The fourth pillar: towards a whole-of-society approach
		The key players of the fourth pillar
		The fourth pillar: the children of globalisation challenge the children of the North-South
		Starting from a different field
		From a level ‘telling’ field to joint action
		The near and distant future of a whole-of-society approach
	Humanitarian aid: more dispersed or more networked?
		What place for emergency aid?
		Overcoming the humanitarian nemesis
		Cash-and-carry on the market
	The unbearable lightness of the support for development cooperation
		The uneasy relationship with the support base
		No (more) aid fatigue?
		Popular, yet little understood
		Something needs to be done: but by whom?
		Time for a new narrative: from development education towards education for global citizenship
	Sixty years of international development cooperation: where has the bumpy road led us?
		Progress, but not for everyone
		Is aid future-proof?
		Are we really that generous?
		Who is receiving aid?
		The effectiveness and impact of development cooperation
		Development cooperation: a stumbling-block?
	Conclusion: the past will not come back but is still there
	Notes
	Bibliography