International Development Cooperation of Japan and South Korea: New Strategies for an Uncertain World

Acknowledgments
Contents
Notes on Contributors
List of Figures
List of Tables
Introduction
Aims of the Book
The Structure of the Book: Comparative Studies but Separate Analyses
References
Part I Policy Rationale and Evolution of the Development Institutions
1 Policy Concepts and Normative Rationales in Japan’s Foreign Aid: Human Security, TICAD, and Free and Open Indo-Pacific
	1 Introduction
	2 Searching for a Philosophical Position on Aid
		2.1 Prior to the 1980s: From Post-War Recovery to Becoming a Major Donor
		2.2 From the 1990s to the Mid-2000s: A New Era
		2.3 The Mid-2000s: Age of realism
	3 Policy Concepts and Their Transformation
		3.1 Human Security
		3.2 Tokyo International Conference on African Development (TICAD)
		3.3 Free and Open Indo-Pacific (FOIP)
	4 Outcomes and Challenges
	5 Conclusion
	References
2 Reflection on a Normative Rationale for Korean ODA Policy: Duty, Self-Regards, and Obligation
	1 Introduction
	2 Reflexive Approach to ODA Through Self-Awareness
	3 Why Should a Nation Support Other Countries Through ODA?
	4 A Reflection on the Implementation of Korean ODA
	5 Korean ODA Should Adopt a Three-Pronged Approach to Development
	References
3 Pivotal Moments in Japanese ODA:  Circa 1950–2010
	1 Key Determinants in the Evolution of Japan’s ODA
	2 Stage One: Formation of a Mechanism for Resource Flow After World War II
		2.1 Economic Cooperation to Build Japan’s own self-reliance
		2.2 The “Request-Based” Principle Evident in Reparations Procedures
		2.3 Formation of a System to Promote Economic Cooperation
	3 Stage II: From Economic Cooperation to Development Aid
		3.1 The Expansion of ODA
		3.2 Pressures from DAC and the US
		3.3 The Marcos Scandal and Criticisms of’ aid
	4 Stage III: Toward People-Oriented Development, But Not Quite
		4.1 The “Discovery of Human” in ODA
		4.2  The Four Guidelines and the ODA Charter
		4.3 Ogata Reforms and “Human Security”
		4.4 Foregrounding National Interests
		4.5 The Culture of Doing Development
	5 Conclusion
	References
4 South Korea’s Foreign Aid as a Foreign Policy Instrument
	1 Introduction
	2 Foreign Aid as a Foreign Policy Tool
	3 Analysis
		3.1 1960s: Beginning of South Korea’s Aid Amid the Cold War
		3.2 1970s: Diplomatic Competition with North Korea as the Driver of South Korea’s Aid
		3.3 1980s: Increasing Demand for South Korea’s Contribution to Global Development
		3.4 1990s: Institutionalization of South Korea’s ODA
		3.5 2000s: Solidification of South Korea’s Position as a Bridge Between Global North and South
	4 Conclusion
	References
Part II Role of Private Sectors in Development Cooperation
5 Quest for Sublation of Economic Development and Poverty Reduction: Dual Features of Japan’s Aid in the Post-Cold War Era and After
	1 Introduction
	2 Japanese Perceptions on Aid Before the 1990s: Views Different from the International Mainstream
	3 Overlooked Aspects of Japan’s Aid After the Late 1990s and 2000s
	4 Epistemic Community and Japanese Engagements in Poverty Reduction
		4.1 Epistemic Community of International development
		4.2 Japanese Engagement in Epistemic Community
		4.3 From Aid to Development Cooperation: Global Transmutation Through the 2010s
	5 Concluding Remarks
	References
6 Balancing Universal Values and Economic Interests Through Development Cooperation in Korea
	1 Introduction
	2 Economic-Development-Oriented Aid policy: Historical Path and Recent Policy Changes
	3 Was It for Universal Values or Special Economic interests?
	4 The Way Toward Private Sector Engagement for Mutual Prosperity
	5 Conclusion
	References
7 New Partnership with the Private Sector in Japanese Development Cooperation
	1 Introduction
	2 Recent Global Trends and New Models of Development Partnerships with the Private Sector
		2.1 BOP Business
		2.2 Public-Private Partnerships for Sustainable Development
		2.3 Corporate Social Responsibility in Value Chain Management
	3 Evolution of Japanese Development Partnerships with the Private Sector
		3.1 From ODA to Development Cooperation
		3.2 Japan’s New ODA Initiative for Business in Development
		3.3 Science and Technology Research Partnership for Sustainable Development
	4 Selected Cases of New Partnership Models of Development Cooperation
		4.1 Case 1: Turning Local Environmental Challenges into PPPs for Sustainable Development
		4.2 Case 2: Linking SATREPS Outcomes to the Development of SDGs Business in Africa
	5 Implications of New Development Partnership Models and the Way Forward for Japan
		5.1 Comparison of the New Development Partnership and Traditional PPP Model
		5.2 Enhanced Role of New Partnership Models for Post-Pandemic Recovery
	References
8 Science, Technology, and Innovation in Sustainable Development Cooperation: Theories and Practices in South Korea
	1 Introduction
	2 Theorizing STI and Development
		2.1 Defining STI in Development
		2.2 Technical Assistance and Technology Transfer
		2.3 Increasing Role of Innovation in Development
		2.4 Institutionalizing STI in Sustainable Development Goals
	3 Korea’s Development Cooperation with STI
		3.1 Emergence of STI in Korea’s ODA Policy
		3.2 Prioritization of ICTs
		3.3 Implementation of K-SDGs and STI
		3.4 Toward Integration in STI-related ODA
	4 Emerging Agenda in STI-driven Development Cooperation
		4.1 Tackling the Pandemic with STI
		4.2 Highlighting STI in the Strategic Plan for International Development Cooperation
		4.3 Aligning Korea’s Strategy to the Global Framework
		4.4 Future Policy and Research Agenda
	5 Conclusion
	References
Part III Emerging Agendas and New Challenges for International Development
9 Civil Society Organizations as Partners and Critics of Japan’s Aid Policy
	1 Introduction
	2 A Brief History of International Development CSOs and Government Partnerships
		2.1 Civil Society: A Quite New Sector in Japan
		2.2 1980s: Emergence of NGOs and Establishment of Government’s Funding Schemes at the End of the Decade
		2.3 Booming of NGOs in the 1990s
		2.4 After 2000
	3 Japanese International Development CSOs at a Glance
		3.1 Geographical and Sectoral Trends
		3.2 Types of Activities
		3.3 Many Groups are Small in Terms of Annual Budget
	4 CSOs as Partners of ODA Policy
		4.1 Current Funding Schemes
		4.2 Lack of CSO-Specific Policy Framework
		4.3 Tiny Percentage of ODA for CSOs
		4.4 Support for Partner County-based CSOs
		4.5 Challenges in CSO-GoJ Partnership
	5 Partnership Policy Framework
	6 Funding Mechanisms
	7 Policy Dialogue
		7.1 Policy Dialogue Between CSOs and GoJ
	8 Challenges for CSOs-GoJ Dialogue
	9 CSOs as Critics of ODA Policy
		9.1 Japanese CSOs’ Advocacy on Aid Policy: An Overview
		9.2 CSOs’ Criticisms on “Japan’s Aid Model” through Contribution to The Reality of Aid
		9.3 CSOs and the Amendment of the ODA Charter to the Development Cooperation Charter
		9.4 DAC Peer Review and CSOs in Japan
		9.5 Challenges for CSOs in Japan’s Advocacy
	10 Conclusion
	References
10 The Government–Civil Society Relationship in Korean International Development Cooperation from a Historical Perspective
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature Review and Discussion on the Conceptual Framework for Analysis
	3 Changes in the Role of CSOs in Development Cooperation: From a Service Delivery Implementor to a Partner
	4 The Relationship between Government and Civil Society
		4.1 First Period (1995–2009): Complementarity and Confrontation
		4.2 Second Period (2010–2016): A Mixture of Complementarity, Confrontation, and Cooperation
		4.3 Third Period (After 2017): Laying the Foundation for a Cooperative Relationship
	5 Conclusion
	References
11 Japan’s Approach to the SDGs: Decoupling Between the SDGs and International Development
	1 Introduction
	2 Japan’s Participation in the Formation of the SDGs
		2.1 Japan’s Post-2015 Development Agenda: Pact for Global Well-Being
		2.2 Open Working Group on Sustainable Development Goals
	3 Institutional Framework to Advance the SDGs
		3.1 The Development Cooperation Charter and the SDGs
			3.1.1 Manifestation of National Interests in the Development Cooperation Charter
			3.1.2 Common Features of the SDGs and the Development Cooperation Charter
		3.2 Institutional Framework to Advance the SDGs
			3.2.1 SDGs Promotion Headquarters
			3.2.2 Duplicity of the SDGs Implementation Guiding Principles
			3.2.3 Japan SDGs Award
	4 Awakened Private Sector to the SDGs
	5 Concluding Remarks
	References
12 A Way Forward to Achieve the SDGs in Korea: Reformulating an Enabling Environment for Sustainable Development
	1 Introduction
	2 Modes of Governance and Advocacy Coalition
	3 Whole-of-Society Approach in South Korea for SDGs Implementation
		3.1 K-SDGs Led by NCSD and Policy Change
		3.2 Evolution of Government–Third Sector Partnership in South Korea
		3.3 Co-Optation to Inclusiveness with a Whole-of-Society Approach
	4 Conclusion: Challenges Ahead
	Appendix
	References
Conclusion
Japan and South Korea: Similarities and Contrasts
Experiences of Industrial Development as Aid Recipients
Emphasis on Economic Cooperation for Industrial Development in Recipient Countries
Reactive Rationale Setting
Efforts to Balance Universal Values and National Interests
Weak Partnership with Civil Society
Notable Differences
New Strategies for International Development Cooperation
Global Interests to Be Prioritized for International Development Cooperation
Enlarging the Scope of the Private Sector
Synergy of Collaboration of the Two Similar Countries
References
Index