International Carriage of Goods by Road: CMR

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Preface to the Sixth Edition
Table of Contents
Table of Abbreviations
Table of Cases
Table of European Cases
Table of Legislation
Table of Standard Conditions
PART I: THE CMR
	CHAPTER 1. APPLICATION OF THE CMR
		A. Prologue
			1 The origins of the CMR
			2 The authors of the CMR
		B. Interpretation
			3 The Buchanan case
				3a Broad principles of general acceptation
				3b Ordinary meaning in context
				3c The Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties 1969
			4 Aids to interpretation
				4a Teleology: commercial purpose
				4b Legislative history: travaux préparatoires
				4c Doctrine
				4d Case law
				4e Other Conventions
				4f Good faith
				4g The strict construction of exclusions
				4h The matrix
			5 Gaps in the CMR
				5a Autonomous interpretation
				5b Finding and minding the gap
			6 The French text of the CMR
			7 Interpretation: summary
		C. The CMR and the conflict of laws
			8 A unilateral conflict rule
			9 The law of the contract apart from the CMR
			10 Contracts of carriage: Article 1.1
				10a Freight forwarders
					10a(i) Form and substance
					10a(ii) Arrangements
					10a(iii) Charges
					10a(iv) Proof
				10b The transportation contract
				10c Vehicle hire
				10d Haulage contracts
			11 Goods
			12 Excluded goods
				12a Funeral consignments
				12b Furniture removal
			13 Multimodal transport: application of the CMR
				13a The UNCITRAL draft (the “Rotterdam Rules”)
			14 Goods not unloaded: ro-ro and piggyback transport
				14a Operational convenience: inspection, storage and transhipment
				14b Necessity
			15 Multimodal transport: exclusion of the CMR
				15 (i) The end of the road
				15 (ii) Road carrier not responsible
				15 (iii) Perils of ships and planes and trains
				15a Conditions prescribed: the application of the Hague-Visby Rules to a sea stage
					15a(i) Sea waybills
					15a(ii) Deck carriage and Paramount clauses
					15a(iii) In default of conditions prescribed, the applicable regime
			16 “Vehicles”
			17 “For reward”
			18 International character
				18a Movements within the United Kingdom
				18b Contracting states
		D. The CMR regime in outline
			19 The liability of the carrier
			20 Supplementing the text of the CMR
	CHAPTER 2. THE CONTRACT OF CARRIAGE: DOCUMENTATION
		21 Formation of the contract of carriage
		22 The consignment note
		23 The form of the consignment note
		24 The contents of the consignment note: Article 6
		25 The effect of statements in the consignment note: Article 9
			25a Apparent condition
				25a(i) Containers
			25b Checks and reservations
				25b(i) The nature of the carrier’s obligation to check
				25b(ii) The mode and effect of reservations
				25b(iii) Optional checks: Article 8.3
		26 The liability of the sender for information
			26a Statements in the consignment note
			26b Customs documents
			26c Dangerous goods
	CHAPTER 3. THE JOURNEY
		27 Taking over the goods
		28 Loading
		29 Sub-contracting
		30 The vehicle
			30a Transhipment
		31 The route
			31a Common law deviation
			31b Reasonable dispatch
		32 Disposal of the goods
			32a Disposal by the sender
			32b Disposal by the consignee
			32c The liability of the carrier
		33 Difficulties on the road
			33a Impossibility of performance: Article 14
				33a(i) Impossibility
			33b Prevention of delivery: Article 15
			33c Interim and other measures decided by the carrier
				33c(i) Reasonable steps: alternative performance
				33c(ii) Unloading: ending the carriage
				33c(iii) Selling the goods
			33d Liability
				33d(i) Damages
				33d(ii) Expenses
		34 Destination
		35 The consignee
		36 Unloading
		37 Delivery
			37a Justifiable postponement of delivery
			37b Goods to be “kept until called for”
			37c Delivery, as agreed, without the consignee
			37d Consignee missing
			37e Wrongful refusal of delivery
			37f Refusal of damaged goods
		38 Cash on delivery: liability
		39 Cash on delivery: cash
			39a The form of payment
			39b Relevant charges
	CHAPTER 4. CLAIMS
		A. The claimant
			40 Action against the carrier by the consignee: Article 13
				40a Actions in respect of damage
				40b The consignee’s rights
					40b(i) The effect of concessions by the sender
				40c The consignee’s duties
			41 Title to sue: rules of national law
				41a The party to the contract
					41a(i) The sender
					41a(ii) The consignee
				41b The person with the right of disposal
				41c The owner of the goods
			42 Title to sue in england at common law
		B. Limitation of actions
			43 The one-year period of limitation: Article 32
				43a The scope of Article 32: actions arising out of carriage
				43b Exception: the three-year period for wilful misconduct
					43b(i) Criminal compensation
				43c The commencement of proceedings
			44 The commencement of the period of limitation
				44a Goods damaged but not delivered to the consignee
				44b Claims between successive carriers
					44b(i) Claims between carriers: scope
					44b(ii) Claims for compensation
			45 Suspension of the period of limitation
				45a The claimant
				45b The claim
					45b(i) The nature of the claim
					45b(ii) Form: documents
					45b(iii) Content
					45b(iv) Quantification
				45c Receipt by the right person
				45d The effect of a written claim
				45e Rejection of the claim by notification in writing
				45f Extension of the period of limitation
					45f(i) Waiver and estoppel
				45g Counterclaim and set-off
		C. The forum and the defendant
			46 Jurisdiction: Article 31
				46a Forum non conveniens
				46b Objective jurisdiction
					46b(i) Ordinary residence
					46b(ii) The principal place of business
					46b(iii) The branch or agency
					46b(iv) The place of take-over or delivery
				46c Jurisdiction agreed by the parties
				46d Duplication of actions
				46e The enforcement of judgments and arbitration awards
				46f Costs
			47 Arbitration: Article 33
			48 Responsibility for the acts of others
			49 The scope of employment
			50 The choice of defendants: successive carriage
				50a Successive carriers
					50a(i) The first carrier
					50a(ii) The performing carrier
					50a(iii) The last carrier
					50a(iv) Other carriers
				50b Acceptance of the goods and the consignment note
					50b(i) The position of sub-contractors
					50b(ii) Entries on the consignment note
			51 Recourse: the basis of liability between carriers
			52 Recourse: indemnity and contribution under Article 37
				52a Defences between carriers
				52b The carrier responsible: Article 37(a)
				52c Apportionment of liability between carriers: Article 37(b)/(c) and 38
			53 Recourse: jurisdiction under Article 39
				53a Lack of convenience
				53b Lack of connection
	CHAPTER 5. THE LIABILITY OF THE CARRIER
		54 The liability of the carrier: Article 17.1
			54a The basis of liability
			54b The scope of liability in time
		55 Partial loss
		56 Total loss
			56a Damage amounting to total loss
			56b Delay amounting to total loss: Article 20.1
		57 Damage
		58 Delay not amounting to total loss: Article 19
			58a The agreed time-limit
			58b A reasonable time
		59 The consequences of delay
			59a Economic loss
			59b Physical damage associated with delay
			56c Causation and remoteness
		60 Proof of loss or damage: Article 30
		61 To rebut the presumption of conforming delivery: proof of loss or damage
			61a Checking the goods
			61b Reservations
				61b(i) The form of reservations
				61b(ii) The time of reservations
				61b(iii) The absence of reservations
		62 Proof of delay
		63 The carrier’s liability in connection with documents
		64 Common law and the CMR
		65 Non-performance
		66 Abandonment and delivery short of destination
		67 Tort
		68 Article 28
	CHAPTER 6. DEFENCES AVAILABLE TO THE CARRIER
		69 The defences
			69a The burden of proof
			69b Exonerating events: causation
			69c Apportionment: Article 17.5
		70 The wrongful act or neglect of the claimant
		71 The instructions of the claimant
		72 Inherent vice
		73 Dangerous goods: Article 22
			73a The liability of the sender
		74 Unavoidable circumstances
			74a Absolute liability
			74b Conditio sine qua non
			74c Force majeure
			74d Reasonable care
			74e Utmost care
		75 Unavoidable circumstances: utmost care in practice
			75a Theft and robbery
			75b Collision
			75c Vandalism
			75d Bad weather
			75e Delay
			75f Defects in the vehicle: Article 17.3
				75f(i) Special equipment distinguished: Article 18.4
			75g Damage limitation
	CHAPTER 7. THE SPECIAL RISKS
		A. The onus of proof
			76 The presumption of non-responsibility
			77 A possible cause: the plausibility of the carrier’s case
			78 Rebuttal by the claimant
				78a Apportionment
			79 The carrier’s residual duty of care
		B. The risks
			80 Open unsheeted vehicles
			81 Lack of packing
			82 Defective packing of the goods
				82a Defects in the packing of other goods
			83 The liability of the sender for defective packing
				83a Types of loss or damage
				83b The claiming carrier
				83c Liability in tort
			84 The response of the carrier to defective packing
			85 Loading and stowage by the sender
				85a The sender’s agents
			86 Counter-proof by the claimant
			87 The carrier’s duty to check loading by the sender
				87a Defects affecting only goods
				87b Defects affecting roadworthiness
			88 Defects becoming apparent during the journey
			89 Sensitive goods
				89a Sensitivity and inherent vice distinguished
				89b Specially equipped vehicles
					89b(i) The level of duty
					89b(ii) Steps incumbent: performance of the duty
					89b(iii) Causation
				89c Counter-proof by the claimant
			90 Marks
			91 Livestock
			92 Public policy: Article 41
				92a The benefit of insurance: Article 41.2
				92b The Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977
				92c Public policy: Article 1.5
	CHAPTER 8. REMEDIES
		A. Compensation
			93 Compensation for damage
			94 Compensation for loss
				94a The value of the goods: Article 23.2
				94b Repayment of compensation if goods are recovered
			95 Compensation for partial loss or damage
			96 Compensation for delay
			97 Limits on compensation
				97a Loss or damage
				97b Partial loss or damage
				97c Delay
			98 Charges
			99 Interest
			100 Raising the limits on compensation: selection of higher limits
			101 Wilful misconduct
				101a Carriage by rail: common law
				101b Carriage by air: the Warsaw Convention
				101c Carriage by road: the CMR
				101d Cause and effect
			102 Equivalent default
				102a Equivalence in fault
				102b Equivalence in effect: die grosse Fahrlässigkeit
				102c Equivalence in effect: la faute lourde
			103 Wilful misconduct in practice
				103a Prevention of theft
				103b Defective packing, loading or stowage
				103c Road accidents
				103d Misdelivery
		B. Other remedies
			104 Termination of obligations in the case of breach
			105 Termination of obligations in the case of impossibility of performance
			106 The carrier’s lien
			107 Action for carriage charges
			108 Restitution of goods delayed
PART II: ENGLISH DOMESTIC LAW
	CHAPTER 9. THE CONTRACT OF CARRIAGE
		201 Prologue
		202 Formation of the contract
		203 The terms of the contract: notice
		204 Documentation
		205 Interpretation of the contract
	CHAPTER 10. THE JOURNEY
		206 Taking over the goods
		207 Loading
		208 Sub-contracting
		209 The vehicle
			209a Transhipment
		210 The route
			210a Transit and deviation
			210b Reasonable dispatch
		211 Difficulties on the road
			211a Good faith and co-operation
		212 Destination
		213 The consignee
		214 Unloading
		215 Delivery
	CHAPTER 11. CLAIMS
		A. The claimant
			216 Title to sue: parties to the contract of carriage
				216a The consignee as owner
				216b The consignor as owner
				216c The consignor’s influence on the rights of the consignee
			217 The Brandt contract
				217a The Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act 1999
		B. Limitation of actions
			218 Limitation
				218a Contract
				218b Tort
				218c Waiver and estoppel
			219 Counterclaim and set-off
	CHAPTER 12. THE LIABILITY OF THE CARRIER
		220 Contract or tort
		221 The pattern of liability
		222 The basis of liability
		223 Liability: contract terms
		224 The scope of liability in time
		225 The nature of breach
			225a Loss or damage
			225b Non-delivery
			225c Delay
		226 Proof of loss or damage
		227 Causation
		228 Apportionment: mixed causes
		229 Negligence
			229a The contractual setting: networks
			229b Sub-bailment
			229c The Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act 1999
		230 Negligent misstatement
		231 Conversion
		232 Other torts
		233 Damages at common law
		234 Responsibility for the acts and omissions of others
		235 The scope of employment
			235a Negligence
			235b Crime
			235c Deviation
	CHAPTER 13. DEFENCES
		A. Defences available to the carrier
			236 Contractual defences
				236a Act of God
				236b Consequences of war
				236c Hostilities
				236d Civil war
				236e Rebellion and insurrection
				236f Riot
				236g Act or omission of the sender or consignee
				236h Inherent vice
				236i Latent defect
				236j Wastage or natural deterioration
				236k Insufficient or improper packing
				236l Strikes
				236m Restraints of labour
				236n Seizure or forfeiture under legal process
				236o Unavoidable events
			237 Dangerous goods
			238 Defences: construction contra proferentem
				238a Negligence clauses
				239b Causation
			239 The Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977
				239a Reasonableness
			240 Fundamental breach
		B. Defences available to both parties
			241 Avoidance: misrepresentation
			242 Avoidance: economic duress
			243 Non-enforcement: illegality
				243a Illegal performance of the contract
				243b Illegal purpose
				243c Consequences
	CHAPTER 14. REMEDIES
		244 Compensation: damages for breach of contract
		245 Assessment of damages
		246 Remoteness of damage
		247 Common cases
			247a Damage to property
			247b Loss of market
			247c Loss of production
		248 Compensation: damages in tort
		249 Termination of contractual obligations in the case of breach
		250 Termination of obligations in the case of impossibility of performance
		251 The carrier’s lien
PART III: APPENDICES
	APPENDIX A. CARRIAGE OF GOODS BY ROAD ACT 1965
	APPENDIX B. FRENCH TEXT OF THE CMR
	APPENDIX C. CARRIAGE BY AIR AND ROAD ACT 1979
	APPENDIX D. ROAD HAULAGE ASSOCIATION LIMITED (RHA) CONDITIONS OF CARRIAGE 1998
	APPENDIX E. BRITISH INTERNATIONAL FREIGHT ASSOCIATION (BIFA) STANDARD TRADING CONDITIONS 2000 EDITION
	APPENDIX F. BRITISH INTERNATIONAL FREIGHT ASSOCIATION (BIFA) STANDARD TRADING CONDITIONS 2005A EDITION
Index