International business transactions: problems, cases, and materials

Halftitle Page
Editorial Advisors
Title Page
Copyright Page
About Wolters Kluwer Law & Business
Dedication
Summary of Contents
Contents
Preface to the Third Edition
Acknowledgments
1 Introduction
	I. Some Background Considerations
		A. Scope and Approach of This Book
			Note on IBT and International Trade Legal Skills
		B. Counsel in International Business1. Issues Faced by Lawyers2. Role of Counsel for an MNE
			3. Challenges for the International Lawyer
				Notes and Questions
				Problem 1-1
				Problem 1-2
		C. Cultural Concerns
			Notes and Questions
			Problem 1-3
			Problem 1-4
	II. The Growth of International Business Since the Second World War
	III. Modern Forms and Patterns of International Business and Commerce
		A. Trade in Goods
		B. Trade in Services
		C. Foreign Direct Investment
		D. Technology Transfer
	IV. Some Important New Developments
		A. The Rise of China and East and South Asia
		B. The Role of Multinational Enterprises
		C. Globalization
			Notes and Questions
			Problem 1-5
	V. The Legal Framework for International Business Transactions
		A. Introductory Considerations
		B. International Conflicts of Law and Choice of Law
		C. The New Lex Mercatoria (‘‘Law Merchant’’)
		D. Sources of Law for International Business Transactions
		E. International Forums and Institutions
			1. UNCITRAL
			2. UNIDROIT
			3. The International Chamber of Commerce
		F. Major Categories of International Business Law
			1. Public International Law
			2. Regional Supranational Law
			3. Uniform Codes and Other Harmonizing Measures
			4. Domestic Law
				Problem 1-6
		G. Relationship of Sources of International Law to Domestic Law
			Problem 1-7
			Problem 1-8
	VI. International Economic Law: The Public Law Institutions and Rules That Facilitate and Regulate International Business
		Problem 1-9
		A. The World Trade Organization
		B. Preferential Trade Agreements
		C. The North American Free Trade Agreement
			1. NAFTA Objectives
			2. NAFTA Administration and Dispute Settlement
		D. The European Union
		E. Free Trade in Asia
			1. ASEAN
			2. APEC
		F. Free Trade in the Americas
		G. Developing Countries
		H. The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development
		I. Trade Institutions and Policy in the United States
2 International Sale of Goods
	I. Overview of the International Sales Transaction
		A. Expectations of the Parties
		B. The International Context
			Note on Trade Financing
			1. The Sales Contract
				Form 2-1 Letter of Inquiry
				Form 2-2 Pro Forma Invoice
				Form 2-3 Purchase Order
				Notes and Questions
			2. Letter of Credit
				Notes and Questions
				Form 2-4 Commercial Letter of Credit
			3. The Bill of Lading and the Contract of Affreightment
				Form 2-5 Bill of Lading
				Notes and Questions
			4. Overview of the Entire Documentary Sale Transaction
				Notes and Questions
				Note on International E-Trade
				Problem 2-1
		C. Commercial Terms Under the ICC Incoterms
			Problem 2-2
			INCOTERMS 2010 ICC Rules for Use of Domestic and International Trade Terms
			FOB
			Problem 2-3
			CIF
		D. Interpretation of Commercial Terms
			Problem 2-4
			Biddell Brothers v. E. Clemens Horst Company
			E. Clemens Horst Company v. Biddell Brothers
			Notes and Questions
		E. Documents of Title
			Problem 2-5
			Comptoir d’Achat et de Vente Du Boerenbond Belge S/A v. Luis de Ridder Limitada (The Julia)
			Notes and Questions
			Problem 2-6
		F. Contracts of Affreightment, Bills of Lading, and Insurance
			1. The Contract of Affreightment and the Bill of Lading
				Hague-Visby Rules
			2. COGSA: A Thumbnail Sketch
				Norfolk Southern Railway Co. v. Kirby
				Kawasaki Kisen Kaisha Ltd. v. Regal-Beloit Corp. (The “K” Line Case)
				Notes and Questions
				Problem 2-7
				Anvil Knitwear v. Crowley American Transport, Inc.
				Problem 2-8
				Steel Coils, Inc. v. M/V Lake Marion
				Notes and Questions
			3. Marine Insurance
				American National Fire Insurance Co. v. Mirasco, Inc
				Notes and Questions
				Problem 2-9
	II. The International Sales Contract and International Trade Law Considerations
		A. Export Trade Matters
			Problem 2-10
			Problem 2-11
			Problem 2-12
			U.S. Regulation of Exports: The Export Administration Act, The Office of Foreign Assets Control, Antiboycott Laws, The Economic Espionage Act, and The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act
			Notes and Questions
		B. Import Trade Matters
			Problem 2-13
			Problem 2-14
			Problem 2-15
			Problem 2-16
			U.S. Regulation of Imported Goods: Classification, Valuation, Rules of Origin, Marking, Free Trades Areas and Customs Unions, and Other Import Restrictions
			Notes and Questions
			1. Classification Issues
				North American Processing Co. v. United States
				JVC Co. of America v. United States
				Better Home Plastics Corp. v. United States
				Notes and Questions
				Problem 2-17
			2. Valuation Issues
				Century Importers, Inc. v. United States
				Notes and Questions
				Problem 2-18
			3. Rules of Origin
				Zuniga v. United States
				Notes and Questions
				Problem 2-19
			4. Marking
				Bestfoods v. United States
				Notes and Questions
				Problem 2-20
				Note on International Trade Law and the Import/ Export Sales Transaction
3 The Sales Contract
	I. Choice of Law
		Kristinus v. H. Stern Com. e Ind. S.A
		Notes and Questions
	II. The United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods
		A. Basic Features of the CISG
		B. Historical Origins
		C. Cases on the CISG
			Note on the UNIDROIT Principles
		D. Sphere of Application of the CISG: Articles 1–6
			1. Article 1(1)(a) and the Test of Internationality
				Problem 3-1
			2. Article 1 (1)(b)
				Prime Start Ltd. v. Maher Forest Products Ltd.
				Notes and Questions
				Problem 3-2
			3. Other Issues Relating to Scope
				Problem 3-3
				Problem 3-4
				Amco Ukrservice & Prompriladamco v. American Meter Co.
				UNCITRAL CLOUT Case 131
				UNCITRAL CLOUT Case 122
				Notes and Questions
			4. Interpreting the CISG: Articles 7–13
				Notes and Questions
				Problem 3-5
				GPL Treatment, Ltd. v. Louisiana-Pacific Corp.
				Notes and Questions
				Forestal Guarani S.A. v. Daros International Inc.
			5. Part II of the CISG: Formation of the Contract
				a. The Offerb. Acceptance, Withdrawal, and Revocation of an Offer
				Problem 3-6
				Problem 3-7c. Acceptance
				Problem 3-8
				Filanto, S.p.A. v. Chilewich International Corp.
				Notes and Questions
				Problem 3-9
				Notes and Questions
				d. Formation of the Complex Sales Contract Under the CISG Problem 3-10
				United Technologies International Pratt & Whitney Commercial Engine Business v. Malev Hungarian Airlines
				Notes and Questions
			6. Performance of the Contracta. Delivery by Seller
				Problem 3-11
				Notes and Questions
				b. Conforming Goods
				Problem 3-12
				Problem 3-13
				Medical Marketing International, Inc. v. Internazionale Medico Scientifica, S.r.l.
				BP Oil International, Ltd. v. Empresa Estatal Petroleos de Ecuador
				Notes and Questionsc. Payment by Buyer
				Problem 3-14
				Problem 3-15
				Unilex, D. 1995-1
				Problem 3-16
				d. Excused Performance
				(1) Article 79
				Problem 3-17
				Tsakiroglou & Co. Ltd. v. Noblee Thorl G.m.b.H.
				(2) Performance Delegated to a Third Party
				Problem 3-18
				Unilex, D. 1993-3.4
				Notes and Questions
			7. Remedies
				a. Remedies of the SellerDingxi Longhai Dairy, Ltd. v. Becwood Technology Group, LLC
				Problem 3-19
				Notes and Questions
				Problem 3-20
				Problem 3-21b. Remedies of the Buyer
				Problem 3-22
				Problem 3-23
				Problem 3-24
				Problem 3-25c. Anticipatory Breach and Installment Contracts
				Problem 3-26
				Problem 3-27
				Notes and Questions
4 Letters of Credit
	I. Sources of Letter of Credit Law
	II. Letter of Credit Basics
		Problem 4-1
		Problem 4-2
		Problem 4-3
		Problem 4-4
		Problem 4-5
		Problem 4-6
	III. Basic Principles of Letter of Credit Law
		A. The Independence Principle
			Problem 4-7
			Urquhart Lindsay and Company, Ltd. v. Eastern Bank, Ltd.
			Notes and Questions
			Maurice O’Meara Co. v. National Park Bank of New York
			Notes and Questions
		B. Strict Compliance
			Problem 4-8
			J.H. Rayner and Company, Ltd. v. Hambro’s Bank, Ltd.
			Hanil Bank v. PT. Bank Negara Indonesia
			Notes and Questions
			Problem 4-9
			Problem 4-10
			Note on Electronic Communications
			Problem 4-11
		C. The Fraud Exception to the Independence Principle and Enjoining the Letter of Credit
			1. The Problem of Fraud
			2. Sources of Law
			3. Different Types of Innocent Parties
			4. Fraud Cases Not Involving Innocent Third Parties
				Problem 4-12
				Mid-America Tire, Inc. v. PTZ Trading Ltd.
				Notes and Questions
			5. Enjoining the Standby Letter of Credita. The Standby Letter of Credit
				b. Sources of Law for the Standby Letter of Credit
				Notes and Questions
				Problem 4-13
				American Bell International, Inc. v. Islamic Republic of Iran
				Harris Corporation v. National Iranian Radio & Television
				Notes and Questions
				Problem 4-14
5 Non-Establishment Forms of International Business: Agency and Distributorships, Technology Transfer, Contract Manufacturing, and Franchising
	Beyond the Sales Transaction
	Non-Establishment Forms of Business Abroad
	I. Agency and Distributorships
		A. Control
		B. Competition Law Issues
		C. Termination Issues
		D. Intellectual Property Issues
		E. Other Considerations
			Problem 5-1
			Problem 5-2
			Problem 5-3
			1. Local and Regional Legal Requirementsa. German Law
				Problem 5-4
				German Statutes Relating to Agency Agreements
				b. The European Union
				Problem 5-5
				Problem 5-6
				Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union
				Commission Regulation (EC) No. 330/2010 on the Application of Article 101(3) of the Treaty to Categories of Vertical Agreements and Concerted Practices
				Notes and Questions
	II. Technology Transfer and Licensing
		Beyond the Agency/Distributorship to Technology Transfer
		A. What Is Technology Transfer and Why Is It Important?
			1. Technology Transfer in International Business
			2. Intellectual Property and World Economic Development
			3. Intellectual Property and Related TopicsNotes and Questions
		B. The International Intellectual Property Legal System
			1. Patents
				International Patent Treaties
			2. Trademarks
				International Trademark Treaties
			3. Copyright
				International Copyright Treaties
			4. Know-How and Trade Secrets
				International Treaties
				Notes and Questions
	III. Selected Issues in Licensing: The Patent License Agreement
		Problem 5-7
		Problem 5-8
		Problem 5-9
		Problem 5-10
		Patent License Agreement
		Commission Regulation (EU) No. 316/2014 of 21 March 2014 on the Application of Article 101(3) of the Treaty to Categories of Technology Transfer Agreements
		Notes and Questions
	IV. Business Format Franchising
		Notes and Questions
		Problem 5-11
		Franchise Agreement
		Problem 5-12
		Pronuptia de Paris GmbH v. Pronuptia de Paris
		Notes and Questions
6 Foreign Direct Investment
	I. Introduction
		A. The Decision to Invest: Medtech Reaches a Crossroads
			1. Market Penetration
			2. Management and Control
			3. Intellectual Property
			4. Research and Development Abroad
			5. Global Competition
		B. Mergers and Acquisitions (M&A)
	II. Global Trends in Foreign Direct Investment
		A. Recent Growth
		B. Role of FDI in Economic Development
			Notes and Questions
			Problem 6-1
	III. International Investment Law
		A. The Traditional Framework for Protecting FDI: The International Court of Justice
			Anglo-Iranian Oil Co. Case (U.S. v. Iran)
			Case Concerning Barcelona Traction, Light and Power Company (The Barcelona Traction Case) (Belgium v. Spain), Second Phase
			Case Concerning Elettronica Sicula S.p.A. (The ELSI Case) (U.S. v. Italy)
			Notes and Questions
		B. Multilateral and Bilateral Treaties
			Modern International Investment Law: Bilateral Investment Treaties, Free Trade Agreements and Customs Unions, and the Convention on the Settlement of Disputes Between States and Nationals of Other States (the ICSID Convention)
			Notes and Questions
			Problem 6-2
			Lanco International, Inc. v. Argentine Republic
			Notes and Questions
			Wena Hotels, Ltd. v. Arab Republic of Egypt
			Notes and Questions
			LG&E Energy Corp., et al. v. Argentine Republic
			Notes and Questions
			Note on Enforcement of ICSID Awards
		C. An Example of a Regional Trade Agreement: NAFTA
			Marvin Feldman v. Mexico
			Notes and Questions
			Problem 6-3
		D. Investment and the World Trade Organization
			Notes and Questions
	IV. Limits in Corporate Conduct in International Investment: The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act
		Problem 6-4
		Problem 6-5
		Problem 6-6
		A. Overview of the FCPA
			1. Persons Subject to the FCPA
			2. Nexus with Intestate Commerce
			3. Corrupt Intent
			4. Proscribed Payments
			5. Persons to Whom Payments Are Made
			6. Purpose of the Payment
				Notes on the OECD Bribery Convention and Other International Treaties
				Notes and Questions
		B. Basic Issues Under the FCPA
			Problem 6-7
			United States v. Kay
			Stichting Ter behartiging Van de Belangen Van Oudaandeelhouders in Het Kapitaal Van Saybolt International B.V. v. Schreiber
			Problem 6-8
			United States v. Kozeny
			Notes and Questions
			Note on the U.S. Foreign Investment and National Security Act of 2007
	V. The Transactional Aspects of FDI: Establishment in the European Union, China, and Brazil
		A. Introduction
			Conceptual Outline and Checklist of Foreign Direct Investment Issues
		B. Foreign Investment in the European Union
			1. Access to the Internal Market of the EU: The Four Freedoms
				Problem 6-9
				Rewe-Zentral AG v. Bundesmonopolverwaltung für Branntwein
				Notes and Questions
				Problem 6-10
				Centros Ltd. v. Erhvervs-og Selskabsstyrelsen
				Notes and Questions
				Note on Protection of Intellectual Property in the EU
			2. Establishment in the EUProblem 6-11
				An Overview of Company Establishment in Three European Legal Systems: The United Kingdom, France, and Germany
				Note on Employee Co-determination in Management Issues in France and Germany
				Notes and Questions
			3. EU Competition Law Affecting Foreign Direct Investment
				a. Abuse of a Dominant Position
				Problem 6-12
				United Brands Company v. Commission of the European Communities
				Microsoft Corp. v. Commission of the European Communities
				Notes and Questions
				b. The EC Merger Regulation
				Tetra Laval BV v. Commission of the European Communities
				Notes and Questions
				Note on the Extraterritorial Application of EU Competition Law
		C. Foreign Direct Investment in China
			1. China’s Economic System
				Daniel C.K. Chow, The Legal System of the People’s Republic of China in a Nutshell
				Notes and Questions
			2. China’s FDI Legal Regime and Foreign Investment Business Vehicles
				a. The Joint Venture
				b. The Wholly Foreign-Owned Enterprise
				Notes and Questions
				Note on a Gamble by an MNE That Paid Off
			3. Establishing the Joint Venture
				a. Approval Process
				Problem 6-13
				b. Capital Investment
				c. Management Structure
				Problem 6-14
				Problem 6-15
				Problem 6-16
				Problem 6-17
				Problem 6-18
				PRC Equity Joint Venture Law (2001)
				Equity Joint Venture Law Implementing Regulations
				Joint Venture Contract Between Beijing Seagull Detergent Group Corp. and Acme (China), Ltd.
				Notes and Questions
		D. Foreign Direct Investment in Brazil
			1. Brazil’s Approach to FDI
				a. Policy Objectives
				b. Some Background Economic History and Considerations
				c. The Enactment of the Profits Remittance Law
			2. The Business Climate in Brazil
				Problem 6-19
				Brazil’s Environment for Doing Business and for Foreign Direct Investment
			3. Brazilian Laws Relating to Foreign Direct Investment and Business Organizations
				a. Brazilian Business Organizations
				Problem 6-20
				Overview of Business Entities Available for Use in Foreign Direct Investment in Brazil
				b. Brazilian Laws Applicable to Foreign Direct Investment
				Problem 6-21
				Problem 6-22
				Profits Remittance Law
				Notes and Questions
				Note on Sovereign Debt Collection
7 Protecting Intellectual Property Rights
	I. Overview of Commercial Piracy
		A. Rise in Commercial Piracy
			Problem 7-1
		B. Categories of Commercial Piracy
			1. Copyright Piracy
				Notes and Questions
			2. Trademark Counterfeiting
				Notes and Questions
			3. Patent Infringements
				Notes and Questions
		C. Counterfeiting and Commercial Piracy in China
			Statement of Professor Daniel Chow Before the Senate Government Oversight and Management Subcommittee
			Notes and Questions
			Problem 7-2
			Problem 7-3
			Problem 7-4
			Daniel C.K. Chow, Organized Crime, Local Protectionism, and the Trade in Counterfeit Goods in China
			Notes and Questions
			Note on Responses by MNEs and Foreign Governments
			Problem 7-5
	II. TRIPs and the Protection of Intellectual Property Rights
		A. Intellectual Property, TRIPs, and the WTO
			Notes and Questions
		B. Enforcement Obligations Under TRIPs Against Commercial Piracy
			1. General Enforcement Obligations
				Notes and Questions
			2. Provisional Measures
				Problem 7-6
		C. TRIPs and the Access to Medicines Debate
			Notes and Questions
			Problem 7-7
		D. TRIPs and the Biopiracy Debate
			Problem 7-8
			Problem 7-9
	III. Gray-Market Goods and Parallel Imports
		A. What Are Gray-Market Goods and Parallel Imports?
			Notes and Questions
		B. Gray-Market Goods Under U.S. Law
			Problem 7-10
			K-Mart Corp. v. Cartier, Inc.
			Lever Brothers Co. v. United States
			Notes and Questions
			Problem 7-11
			Quality King Distributors, Inc. v. L’anza Research International, Inc.
			Kirtsaeng v. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
			Notes and Questions
8 Dispute Resolution
	I. Introduction
		Overview of International Business Dispute Resolution Issues
		Preliminary Issues
		Choice of Forum
		Choice of Law
		Jurisdiction
		Sovereign Immunity and the Act of State Doctrine
		Resolving Preliminary Issues by Agreement
		Dispute Resolution Other Than by Litigation
		Other Issues
	II. Arbitration
		A. Choosing Arbitration
			Susan Karamanian, The Road to the Tribunal and Beyond: International Commercial Arbitration and the United States Courts
			Note on Expanding Grounds to Vacate Arbitration Awards
			Negotiating and Structuring International Arbitration Transactions, Using Model Arbitration Clauses, and Practical Matters in Arbitration
			Notes and Questions
		B. Enforcing the Agreement to Arbitrate
			Problem 8-1
			Mitsubishi Motors Corp. v. Soler Chrysler-Plymouth, Inc.
			Notes and Questions
		C. Judicial Review and Enforcement of the Award
			Problem 8-2
			Problem 8-3
			Polytek Engineering Co., Ltd. v. Jacobson Companies
			Stolt-Nielsen SA v. AnimalFeeds Int’l Corp.
			Stolt-Nielsen SA v. AnimalFeeds International Corporation
			Notes and Questions
	III. Litigation
		A. Choice of Forum
			Problem 8-4
			M/S Bremen v. Zapata Off-Shore Co.
			Gita Sports Ltd. v. SG Sensortechnik GmbH & Co. KG
			Notes and Questions
			Problem 8-5
			Problem 8-6
			Problem 8-7
			Note on the Hague Convention on Choice of Court Agreements
		B. Choice of Law
			1. Choice of Law Approaches
			Amco Ukrservice v. American Meter Co.
			Notes and Questions
			2. Choice of Law Clauses
			Problem 8-8
			Problem 8-9
			The Restatement (Second) of Conflict of Laws (1971)
			Notes and Questions
		C. Jurisdiction
			1. International Law
			Kathleen Hixson, Extraterritorial Jurisdiction Under the Third Restatement of Foreign Relations Law of the United States
			Notes and Questions
			2. Adjudicative Jurisdiction: Subject Matter and Territorial Jurisdiction
				Problem 8-10
				Asahi Metal Indus. Co., Ltd. v. Superior Court
				Goodyear Dunlop Tires Operations, S.A. v. Brown
				Glencore Grain Rotterdam B.V. v. Shivnath Rai Harnarain Co.
				Notes and Questions
			3. Sovereign Immunity
				Problem 8-11
				In re Arbitration Between: Trans Chem. Ltd. & China Nat’l Mach. Import & Export Corp.
				Note on Restrictive Immunity
			4. The Act of State Doctrine
				Problem 8-12
				Optopics Lab. Corp. v. Savannah Bank of Nigeria, Ltd.
				FOGADE v. ENB Revocable Trust
				Notes and Questions
				Problem 8-13
			5. International Comity and Forum Non Conveniens
				DeYoung v. Beddome
				Notes and Questions
			6. Service of Process
				Conax Florida Corp. v. Astrium Ltd.
				Notes and Questions
			7. Jurisdiction over Parent and Affiliated Companies
				Problem 8-14
				Itel Containers Int’l Corp. v. Atlanttrafik Express Serv. Ltd.
				Notes and Questions
				Problem 8-15
			8. Conflicts of Jurisdiction: Multiple Proceedings in Different Forums
				Goss International Corp. v. Man Roland Druckmachinen AG
				Notes and Questions
				Finanz AG Zurich v. Banco Economico S.A
				Ibeto Petrochemical Indus. Ltd. v. M/ T Beffen
				Notes and Questions
		D. Evidence and Discovery
			1. Obtaining Evidence Abroad
				Problem 8-16
				Tulip Computers Int’l B.V. v. Dell Computer Corp.
				Notes and Questions
			2. Obtaining Evidence in the United States for Use in Foreign Courts
				In re Clerici
				Notes and Questions
		E. Recognition and Foreign Enforcement of Foreign Judgments
			Problem 8-17
			Somportex Ltd. v. Philadelphia Chewing Gum Corp.
			Society of Lloyd’s v. Siemon-Netto
			Notes and Questions
9 Corporate Social Responsibility
	I. Introduction
		Problem 9-1
		Problem 9-2
		Jonathan I. Charney, Transnational Corporations and Developing Public International Law
		Jordan J. Paust, Human Rights Responsibilities of Private Corporations
		Doe I v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc.
		Notes and Questions
		Problem 9-3
	II. Codes and Standards of Conduct
		Problem 9-4
		Problem 9-5
		Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development: The OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises, 2011
		Note on Implementation of the OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises
		Note on the “Polluter Pays Principle” as the Basis of Encouraging Multinational Companies to Engage in Sustainable Development
		Problem 9-6
		Instituting a Corporate Environmental and Safety Management System
		Environmental Liability Disclosure Obligations of Public Companies
		Notes and Questions
		A Guide for the Perplexed: Creating a CSR Program for Your Company
	III. Exporting Hazard: Legal and Ethical Considerations
		Problem 9-7
		H. Jeffrey Leonard, Confronting Industrial Pollution in Rapidly Industrializing Countries: Myths, Pitfalls, and Opportunities
		Maureen A. Bent, Exporting Hazardous Industries: Should American Standards Apply?
		Treaties Restricting Trade in Hazardous Materials
		Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development: Council Recommendation on the Application of the Polluter-Pays Principle to Accidental Pollution
		Note on U.S. Controls on Exports of Hazardous Wastes
		Notes and Questions
	IV. Liability for Industrial Accidents
		Problem 9-8
		Stephen C. McCaffrey, Accidents Do Happen: Hazardous Technology and International Tort Litigation
		Problem 9-9
		In re Union Carbide Corp. Gas Plant Disaster at Bhopal, India in December 1984
		Shyam Divan and Armin Rosencranz, The Bhopal Settlement
		Note on the Bhopal Settlement and Its Tortuous Aftermath
		Notes and Questions
	V. The U.S. Alien Tort Statute
		Abdullahi v. Pfizer, Inc.
		Kiobel v. Royal Dutch Petroleum Company
		Notes and Questions
Table of Cases
Index