Internal Derangements of Joints

1. Cover
2. Frontmatter
3. Copyright
4. Dedications
5. Contributor List
6. Preface to the Second Edition
7. Preface to the First Edition
8. Acknowledgments
9. VOLUME 1
	9.1 PART I - MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING: TECHNIQUES AND PROTOCOLS
		9.1.1 Chapter 1 - Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Practical Considerations
			9.1.1.1 TECHNICAL CONSIDERATIONS
			9.1.1.2 BONE MARROW
				9.1.1.2.1 Normal Appearance and Technique
				9.1.1.2.2 Changes in Marrow Composition
				9.1.1.2.3 Hyperemia, Ischemia, and Infarction
				9.1.1.2.4 Trauma
				9.1.1.2.5 Marrow Replacement
			9.1.1.3 CORTICAL BONE, PERIOSTEUM, AND ARTICULAR CARTILAGE
				9.1.1.3.1 Normal Appearance and Technique
				9.1.1.3.2 Traumatic Disorders
				9.1.1.3.3 Degenerative Lesions
				9.1.1.3.4 Inflammatory Lesions
				9.1.1.3.5 Neoplasms
			9.1.1.4 SYNOVIUM-LINED STRUCTURES
				9.1.1.4.1 Normal Appearance and Technique
				9.1.1.4.2 Joint Effusions
				9.1.1.4.3 Synovial Inflammation
				9.1.1.4.4 Synovial Neoplasm
			9.1.1.5 FIBROCARTILAGE
				9.1.1.5.1 Normal Appearance and Technique
				9.1.1.5.2 Traumatic Disorders
				9.1.1.5.3 Nontraumatic Disorders
			9.1.1.6 MUSCLE
				9.1.1.6.1 Normal Appearance and Technique
				9.1.1.6.2 Abnormalities of Size and Contour
				9.1.1.6.3 Normal and Abnormal Exercise Response
				9.1.1.6.4 Muscle Trauma
				9.1.1.6.5 Denervation
				9.1.1.6.6 Muscle Infarction and Infection
				9.1.1.6.7 Inflammatory and Metabolic Myopathies
			9.1.1.7 TENDONS
				9.1.1.7.1 Normal Appearance and Technique
				9.1.1.7.2 Tendon Degeneration
				9.1.1.7.3 Tendon Tears
				9.1.1.7.4 Inflammatory and Infiltrative Conditions
			9.1.1.8 LIGAMENTS
				9.1.1.8.1 Normal Appearance and Technique
				9.1.1.8.2 Acute Injuries
				9.1.1.8.3 Chronic and Treated Injuries
			9.1.1.9 SUMMARY
			9.1.1.10 REFERENCES
		9.1.2 Chapter 2 - Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Typical Protocols
			9.1.2.1 SHOULDER
			9.1.2.2 ELBOW
			9.1.2.3 WRIST
			9.1.2.4 HIP
			9.1.2.5 KNEE
			9.1.2.6 ANKLE AND FOOT
			9.1.2.7 SUMMARY
	9.2 PART II - SYNOVIAL JOINTS: GENERAL CONCEPTS
		9.2.1 Chapter 3 - Synovial Joints: Anatomy and Pathophysiology
			9.2.1.1 GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS
			9.2.1.2 ARTICULAR CARTILAGE
			9.2.1.3 SUBCHONDRAL BONE PLATE AND TIDEMARK
			9.2.1.4 ARTICULAR CAPSULE
				9.2.1.4.1 Fibrous Capsule
				9.2.1.4.2 Synovial Membrane
			9.2.1.5 INTRA-ARTICULAR DISC (MENISCUS), LABRUM, AND FAT PAD
			9.2.1.6 SYNOVIAL FLUID
			9.2.1.7 SYNOVIAL SHEATHS AND BURSAE
			9.2.1.8 SESAMOID BONES
			9.2.1.9 VASCULAR, LYMPHATIC, AND NERVE SUPPLY
			9.2.1.10 SUMMARY
			9.2.1.11 REFERENCES
		9.2.2 Chapter 4 - Articular Cartilage: Structure and Magnetic Resonance Imaging
			9.2.2.1 STRUCTURE AND BIOCHEMISTRY OF ARTICULAR CARTILAGE
			9.2.2.2 MR IMAGING OF NORMAL ARTICULAR CARTILAGE
				9.2.2.2.1 MR Imaging Strategies
			9.2.2.3 MR IMAGING OF ABNORMAL ARTICULAR CARTILAGE
				9.2.2.3.1 Traumatic Chondral Injury
				9.2.2.3.2 Osteoarthritis
			9.2.2.4 MR IMAGING OF CARTILAGE AFTER SURGERY
			9.2.2.5 QUANTITATIVE MR IMAGING
			9.2.2.6 FUTURE DIRECTIONS
			9.2.2.7 SUMMARY
			9.2.2.8 REFERENCES
		9.2.3 Chapter 5 - Synovial Joints: Traumatic Disorders
			9.2.3.1 TRAUMATIC EFFUSION AND HEMARTHROSIS
			9.2.3.2 LIPOHEMARTHROSIS
			9.2.3.3 PNEUMOLIPOHEMARTHROSIS
			9.2.3.4 TRAUMATIC SYNOVITIS
			9.2.3.5 TRAUMATIC CHANGES IN INTRACAPSULAR FAT PADS
			9.2.3.6 ADHESIVE CAPSULITIS
			9.2.3.7 FOREIGN BODY SYNOVITIS
			9.2.3.8 SUMMARY
			9.2.3.9 REFERENCES
		9.2.4 Chapter 6 - Synovial Joints: Degenerative Disorders
			9.2.4.1 TERMINOLOGY AND CLASSIFICATION
			9.2.4.2 ETIOLOGY
			9.2.4.3 PATHOGENESIS
			9.2.4.4 MORPHOLOGY
				9.2.4.4.1 Cartilage Abnormalities
				9.2.4.4.2 Subchondral Bone Abnormalities
				9.2.4.4.3 Synovial Membrane Abnormalities
				9.2.4.4.4 Abnormalities of Other Articular Structures
			9.2.4.5 COMPLICATIONS
				9.2.4.5.1 Malalignment and Subluxation
				9.2.4.5.2 Fibrous and Bone Ankylosis
				9.2.4.5.3 Intra-articular Cartilaginous and Osseous Bodies (“Joint Mice”)
				9.2.4.5.4 Rapidly Destructive Joint Disease
			9.2.4.6 SUMMARY
			9.2.4.7 REFERENCES
		9.2.5 Chapter 7 - Synovial Joints: Inflammatory Disorders
			9.2.5.1 RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS
				9.2.5.1.1 Overview of the Disease
				9.2.5.1.2 Magnetic Resonance Imaging
			9.2.5.2 JUVENILE CHRONIC ARTHRITIS
			9.2.5.3 SERONEGATIVE SPONDYLOARTHROPATHIES
			9.2.5.4 CRYSTAL DEPOSITION DISEASES
			9.2.5.5 SUMMARY
			9.2.5.6 REFERENCES
		9.2.6 Chapter 8 - Synovial Joints: Bleeding Disorders
			9.2.6.1 HEMOPHILIA
			9.2.6.2 BLEEDING DIATHESES AND HEMANGIOMAS
			9.2.6.3 SUMMARY
			9.2.6.4 REFERENCES
		9.2.7 Chapter 9 - Tumors and Tumor-Like Disorders in and About Joints
			9.2.7.1 MR IMAGING: OVERVIEW
			9.2.7.2 INCIDENCE OF TUMORS
			9.2.7.3 PATTERNS OF GROWTH OF TUMORS
			9.2.7.4 TYPES OF TUMOR
				9.2.7.4.1 Tumors of Fat
				9.2.7.4.2 Tumors of Fibrous Tissue
				9.2.7.4.3 Tumors of Muscle
				9.2.7.4.4 Myxomatoses
				9.2.7.4.5 Tumors of Fibrohistiocytic Composition
				9.2.7.4.6 Vascular and Lymphatic Tumors
				9.2.7.4.7 Cartilaginous and Osseous Tumors
				9.2.7.4.8 Synovial Sarcoma
				9.2.7.4.9 Neurogenic Tumors
				9.2.7.4.10 Other Tumors
				9.2.7.4.11 Metastases
				9.2.7.4.12 Synovial Disorders
				9.2.7.4.13 Hematomas
			9.2.7.5 SUMMARY
			9.2.7.6 REFERENCES
		9.2.8 Chapter 10 - Pigmented Villonodular Synovitis, Idiopathic Synovial Osteochondromatosis, Intracapsular Chondroma, Extra-articular Tenosynovial Chondromatosis, and Synovial Chondrosarcoma
			9.2.8.1 PIGMENTED VILLONODULAR SYNOVITIS
				9.2.8.1.1 Terminology and Overview of the Disease
				9.2.8.1.2 Magnetic Resonance Imaging
			9.2.8.2 IDIOPATHIC SYNOVIAL OSTEOCHONDROMATOSIS
				9.2.8.2.1 Terminology and Overview of the Disease
				9.2.8.2.2 Magnetic Resonance Imaging
			9.2.8.3 INTRACAPSULAR CHONDROMA
			9.2.8.4 EXTRA-ARTICULAR TENOSYNOVIAL CHONDROMATOSIS
			9.2.8.5 SYNOVIAL CHONDROSARCOMA
			9.2.8.6 SUMMARY
			9.2.8.7 REFERENCES
	9.3 PART III - BONE AND BONE MARROW: GENERAL CONCEPTS
		9.3.1 Chapter 11 - Bone and Bone Marrow: Anatomy and Pathophysiology
			9.3.1.1 ANATOMY
				9.3.1.1.1 General Structure of Bone
				9.3.1.1.2 Bone Marrow
			9.3.1.2 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
				9.3.1.2.1 Normal Bone Marrow
				9.3.1.2.2 Bone Marrow Disorders
			9.3.1.3 SUMMARY
			9.3.1.4 REFERENCES
		9.3.2 Chapter 12 - Traumatic Disorders of Bone
			9.3.2.1 AVAILABLE DIAGNOSTIC TECHNIQUES
			9.3.2.2 FRACTURES
				9.3.2.2.1 Fracture Classification
				9.3.2.2.2 Fracture Healing
				9.3.2.2.3 Pathogenesis of Acute Bone and Cartilage Injuries
				9.3.2.2.4 Classification of Acute and Chronic Bone and Cartilage Injuries
				9.3.2.2.5 Special Types of Fractures
			9.3.2.3 DISLOCATIONS
				9.3.2.3.1 Terminology
				9.3.2.3.2 Biomechanics
			9.3.2.4 TRAUMA TO SYNCHONDROSES (GROWTH PLATES)
				9.3.2.4.1 Mechanisms and Classification
				9.3.2.4.2 Specific Injuries
				9.3.2.4.3 Chronic Stress Injuries
			9.3.2.5 SUMMARY
			9.3.2.6 REFERENCES
		9.3.3 Chapter 13 - Infectious Disorders of Bones, Joints, and Soft Tissues
			9.3.3.1 TERMINOLOGY
			9.3.3.2 ROUTES OF CONTAMINATION
				9.3.3.2.1 Hematogenous Spread of Infection
				9.3.3.2.2 Spread from a Contiguous Source of Infection
				9.3.3.2.3 Direct Implantation of Infection
				9.3.3.2.4 Postoperative Infection
			9.3.3.3 COMPLICATIONS
				9.3.3.3.1 Osteomyelitis and Septic Arthritis
				9.3.3.3.2 Soft Tissue Infection
			9.3.3.4 IMAGING METHODS
				9.3.3.4.1 Magnetic Resonance Imaging
			9.3.3.5 SUMMARY
			9.3.3.6 REFERENCES
		9.3.4 Chapter 14 - Ischemic Disorders of Bone
			9.3.4.1 PRINCIPLES OF INFARCTION
			9.3.4.2 MARROW CAVITY
			9.3.4.3 STAGING
			9.3.4.4 MR IMAGING
			9.3.4.5 POSTTRAUMATIC OSTEONECROSIS
				9.3.4.5.1 Femoral Head
				9.3.4.5.2 Talus
				9.3.4.5.3 Humeral Head
				9.3.4.5.4 Scaphoid
				9.3.4.5.5 Capitate
			9.3.4.6 IATROGENIC OSTEONECROSIS
			9.3.4.7 IDIOPATHIC (PRIMARY OR SPONTANEOUS) OSTEONECROSIS
				9.3.4.7.1 Spontaneous Osteonecrosis of the Femoral Head in Adults
				9.3.4.7.2 Spontaneous Osteonecrosis about the Knee (SONK) in Adults
				9.3.4.7.3 Spontaneous Osteonecrosis of the Tarsal Navicular Bone in Adults (Mueller-Weiss Syndrome)
				9.3.4.7.4 Spontaneous Osteonecrosis of the Patella
			9.3.4.8 SUMMARY
			9.3.4.9 REFERENCES
		9.3.5 Chapter 15 - Paget's Disease
			9.3.5.1 OVERVIEW OF THE DISEASE
			9.3.5.2 MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING
				9.3.5.2.1 Inactive Phase of the Disease
				9.3.5.2.2 Active Phase of Disease
				9.3.5.2.3 Complications of the Disease
			9.3.5.3 SUMMARY
			9.3.5.4 REFERENCES
		9.3.6 Chapter 16 - Osteoporosis
			9.3.6.1 GENERALIZED OSTEOPOROSIS
			9.3.6.2 REGIONAL OSTEOPOROSIS
				9.3.6.2.1 Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy
				9.3.6.2.2 Transient Regional Osteoporosis and Transient Regional Marrow Edema
			9.3.6.3 SUMMARY
			9.3.6.4 REFERENCES
		9.3.7 Chapter 17 - Tumors and Tumor-like Lesions of Bone
			9.3.7.1 BONE-FORMING TUMORS
				9.3.7.1.1 Malignant Tumors
			9.3.7.2 CARTILAGE-FORMING TUMORS
				9.3.7.2.1 Malignant Tumors
			9.3.7.3 TUMORS ARISING FROM OR FORMING FIBROUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE
				9.3.7.3.1 Malignant Tumors
			9.3.7.4 HISTIOCYTIC OR FIBROHISTIOCYTIC TUMORS
				9.3.7.4.1 Benign Tumors
				9.3.7.4.2 Locally Aggressive Tumors
				9.3.7.4.3 Malignant Tumors
			9.3.7.5 TUMORS OF FATTY DIFFERENTIATION
				9.3.7.5.1 Benign Tumors
				9.3.7.5.2 Malignant Tumors
			9.3.7.6 TUMORS OF VASCULAR DIFFERENTIATION
				9.3.7.6.1 Benign Tumors
				9.3.7.6.2 Benign or Malignant Tumors
				9.3.7.6.3 Malignant Tumors
			9.3.7.7 TUMORS OF NOTOCHORD ORIGIN
				9.3.7.7.1 Locally Aggressive or Malignant Tumors
			9.3.7.8 TUMORS OF HEMATOPOIETIC ORIGIN
				9.3.7.8.1 Malignant Tumors
			9.3.7.9 PLASMA CELL DYSCRASIAS
				9.3.7.9.1 Locally Aggressive or Malignant Tumors
			9.3.7.10 TUMORS AND TUMOR-LIKE LESIONS OF MISCELLANEOUS OR UNKNOWN ORIGIN
				9.3.7.10.1 Benign Tumors
				9.3.7.10.2 Locally Aggressive or Malignant Tumors
				9.3.7.10.3 Malignant Tumors
			9.3.7.11 ADDITIONAL TUMORS AND TUMOR–LIKE LESIONS
				9.3.7.11.1 Benign or Locally Aggressive Tumors
				9.3.7.11.2 Malignant Tumors
			9.3.7.12 SUMMARY
			9.3.7.13 REFERENCES
	9.4 PART IV - SOFT TISSUES: GENERAL CONCEPTS
		9.4.1 Chapter 18 - Muscle Disorders
			9.4.1.1 NORMAL ANATOMY
				9.4.1.1.1 Muscle Structure
				9.4.1.1.2 Muscle Contraction
				9.4.1.1.3 Muscle Compartments
				9.4.1.1.4 Anomalous Muscles
			9.4.1.2 IMAGING TECHNIQUES
				9.4.1.2.1 Overview of Techniques
				9.4.1.2.2 Magnetic Resonance Imaging—Technical Considerations
			9.4.1.3 IMAGING OF PATHOLOGIC CONDITIONS
				9.4.1.3.1 Injuries to Muscle
				9.4.1.3.2 Sequelae of Muscle Injury
				9.4.1.3.3 Muscle Ischemia and Necrosis
				9.4.1.3.4 Infectious, Inflammatory, and Idiopathic Acquired Myopathies
				9.4.1.3.5 Heritable Disorders Affecting Muscle
			9.4.1.4 SUMMARY
			9.4.1.5 REFERENCES
		9.4.2 Chapter 17 - Disorders of Tendons and Ligaments
			9.4.2.1 TENDONS
				9.4.2.1.1 Structure
				9.4.2.1.2 Vascularity
				9.4.2.1.3 Innervation
				9.4.2.1.4 Biomechanics
				9.4.2.1.5 Terminology of Tendinous Disorders
				9.4.2.1.6 Tendon Tears and Ruptures
				9.4.2.1.7 Tendon Avulsions
				9.4.2.1.8 Traction Periostitis
				9.4.2.1.9 Tendon Healing and Repair
			9.4.2.2 LIGAMENTS
				9.4.2.2.1 Structure
				9.4.2.2.2 Vascularity and Innervation
				9.4.2.2.3 Biomechanics
				9.4.2.2.4 Grades of Ligamentous Injury
				9.4.2.2.5 Ligament Avulsions
				9.4.2.2.6 Diastasis
				9.4.2.2.7 Ligament Healing and Repair
				9.4.2.2.8 Ligament Grafts
			9.4.2.3 SUMMARY
			9.4.2.4 REFERENCES
		9.4.3 Chapter 20 - Entrapment Neuropathies
			9.4.3.1 GENERAL CONCEPTS
			9.4.3.2 ENTRAPMENT NEUROPATHIES
				9.4.3.2.1 Median Nerve
				9.4.3.2.2 Ulnar Nerve
				9.4.3.2.3 Radial Nerve
				9.4.3.2.4 Suprascapular Nerve
				9.4.3.2.5 Axillary Nerve
				9.4.3.2.6 Other Nerves in the Upper Extremity and Neck
				9.4.3.2.7 Digital Branch of the Medial or Lateral Plantar Nerves
				9.4.3.2.8 Distal Part of the Tibial Nerve and Its Branches
				9.4.3.2.9 Dorsal and Plantar Cutaneous Nerves of the Hallux
				9.4.3.2.10 Common Peroneal Nerve
				9.4.3.2.11 Deep Peroneal Nerve
				9.4.3.2.12 Superficial Peroneal Nerve
				9.4.3.2.13 Sural Nerve
				9.4.3.2.14 Proximal Part of the Tibial Nerve
				9.4.3.2.15 Saphenous Nerve
				9.4.3.2.16 Lateral Femoral Cutaneous Nerve
				9.4.3.2.17 Femoral Nerve
				9.4.3.2.18 Obturator Nerve
				9.4.3.2.19 Sciatic Nerve
				9.4.3.2.20 Gluteal Nerves
				9.4.3.2.21 Brachial Plexus
			9.4.3.3 SUMMARY
			9.4.3.4 REFERENCES
	9.5 PART V - SPECIFIC JOINTS: ANATOMY, PATHOPHYSIOLOGY, AND IMAGING
		9.5.1 Chapter 21 - Shoulder
			9.5.1.1 ANATOMY
				9.5.1.1.1 Osseous Anatomy
				9.5.1.1.2 Articular Anatomy
				9.5.1.1.3 Soft Tissue Anatomy
			9.5.1.2 FUNCTION
			9.5.1.3 IMAGING TECHNIQUES
				9.5.1.3.1 Routine Radiography
				9.5.1.3.2 Arthrography
				9.5.1.3.3 Ultrasonography
				9.5.1.3.4 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (Plates 21–1 to 21–10)
				9.5.1.3.5 Magnetic Resonance Arthrography
			9.5.1.4 SPECIFIC ABNORMALITIES
				9.5.1.4.1 Shoulder Impingement Syndromes
				9.5.1.4.2 Rotator Cuff Tendinosis, or Tendinopathy
				9.5.1.4.3 Rotator Cuff Tears
				9.5.1.4.4 Calcific Tendinitis and Bursitis
				9.5.1.4.5 Adhesive Capsulitis
				9.5.1.4.6 Synovial Abnormalities
				9.5.1.4.7 Cartilage Abnormalities
				9.5.1.4.8 Glenohumeral Joint Instability
				9.5.1.4.9 Shoulder Abnormalities in Throwers
				9.5.1.4.10 Acromioclavicular Joint Dislocation
				9.5.1.4.11 Post-traumatic Osteolysis of the Clavicle
				9.5.1.4.12 Sternoclavicular Joint Dislocation
				9.5.1.4.13 Impaction Injuries of the Humeral Head, Glenoid Fossa, and Glenoid Rim
				9.5.1.4.14 Fractures of the Proximal Portion of the Humerus
				9.5.1.4.15 Fractures of the Clavicle
				9.5.1.4.16 Fractures of the Scapula
				9.5.1.4.17 Fractures of the First and Second Ribs
				9.5.1.4.18 Fractures of the Humeral Diaphysis
				9.5.1.4.19 Biceps Tendon Abnormalities
				9.5.1.4.20 Snapping Scapula Syndrome
				9.5.1.4.21 Nerve Injuries, Nerve Entrapment, and Neuropathies
				9.5.1.4.22 Muscle Abnormalities
				9.5.1.4.23 Normal Variations and Developmental Abnormalities
				9.5.1.4.24 Bone Abnormalities
				9.5.1.4.25 Soft Tissue Abnormalities
			9.5.1.5 SUMMARY
			9.5.1.6 REFERENCES
		9.5.2 Chapter 22 - Elbow
			9.5.2.1 ANATOMY
				9.5.2.1.1 Osseous Anatomy
				9.5.2.1.2 Articular Anatomy
				9.5.2.1.3 Ligaments
				9.5.2.1.4 Muscles and Tendons
				9.5.2.1.5 Radioulnar Syndesmosis
				9.5.2.1.6 Vessels and Nerves
			9.5.2.2 FUNCTION
			9.5.2.3 IMAGING TECHNIQUES
				9.5.2.3.1 Arthrography
				9.5.2.3.2 Scintigraphy and Ultrasonography
				9.5.2.3.3 MR Imaging
			9.5.2.4 SPECIFIC ABNORMALITIES
				9.5.2.4.1 Fractures
				9.5.2.4.2 Instability and Dislocations
				9.5.2.4.3 Tendinous Abnormalities
				9.5.2.4.4 Elbow Abnormalities in Throwers
				9.5.2.4.5 Muscle Abnormalities
				9.5.2.4.6 Nerve Abnormalities
				9.5.2.4.7 Bone Abnormalities
				9.5.2.4.8 Developmental Abnormalities
				9.5.2.4.9 Synovial Abnormalities
				9.5.2.4.10 Soft Tissue Abnormalities
			9.5.2.5 SUMMARY
			9.5.2.6 REFERENCES
		9.5.3 Chapter 23 - Wrist and Hand
			9.5.3.1 ANATOMY
				9.5.3.1.1 Osseous Anatomy
				9.5.3.1.2 Articular Anatomy
				9.5.3.1.3 Anatomy of the Triangular Fibrocartilage Complex
				9.5.3.1.4 Ligamentous Anatomy
				9.5.3.1.5 Soft Tissue Anatomy
			9.5.3.2 FUNCTION
			9.5.3.3 IMAGING TECHNIQUES
				9.5.3.3.1 Arthrography
				9.5.3.3.2 Magnetic Resonance Imaging
			9.5.3.4 SPECIFIC ABNORMALITIES
				9.5.3.4.1 Fractures of the Distal Ends of the Radius and Ulna
				9.5.3.4.2 Distal Radioulnar Joint Abnormalities
				9.5.3.4.3 Carpal Abnormalities
				9.5.3.4.4 Developmental Abnormalities
				9.5.3.4.5 Carpal and Ulnar Tunnel Abnormalities
				9.5.3.4.6 Abnormalities of the Extensor and Flexor Tendons and Tendon Sheaths
				9.5.3.4.7 Abnormalities of the Joint Synovium and Capsule
				9.5.3.4.8 Soft Tissue Masses
				9.5.3.4.9 Accessory and Anomalous Muscles
				9.5.3.4.10 Hand Injuries
				9.5.3.4.11 Other Abnormalities
			9.5.3.5 SUMMARY
			9.5.3.6 REFERENCES
10. VOLUME 2
	10.1 Chapter 24 - Pelvis and Hip
		10.1.1 ANATOMY
			10.1.1.1 Osseous Anatomy
			10.1.1.2 Articular and Soft Tissue Anatomy
			10.1.1.3 Anatomy of Vessels and Nerves
		10.1.2 FUNCTION
		10.1.3 IMAGING TECHNIQUES
			10.1.3.1 Arthrography
			10.1.3.2 Magnetic Resonance Imaging
		10.1.4 SPECIFIC ABNORMALITIES
			10.1.4.1 Fractures and Dislocations of the Pelvis
			10.1.4.2 Hip Dislocation
			10.1.4.3 Hip Subluxation
			10.1.4.4 Fractures of the Proximal Portion of the Femur
			10.1.4.5 Fractures of the Acetabulum
			10.1.4.6 Fractures of the Femoral Diaphysis
			10.1.4.7 Labral Abnormalities
			10.1.4.8 Synovial Abnormalities
			10.1.4.9 Osteochondral Abnormalities
			10.1.4.10 Bone Abnormalities
			10.1.4.11 Developmental Abnormalities
			10.1.4.12 Soft Tissue Abnormalities
			10.1.4.13 Other Abnormalities
		10.1.5 SUMMARY
		10.1.6 REFERENCES
	10.2 Chapter 25 - Knee
		10.2.1 BASIC ANATOMY
			10.2.1.1 Osseous Anatomy
			10.2.1.2 Articular Anatomy
			10.2.1.3 Capsular and Synovial Anatomy
			10.2.1.4 Anatomy of Supporting Structures
		10.2.2 RADIOGRAPHIC LANDMARKS
		10.2.3 FUNCTION
		10.2.4 MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING
			10.2.4.1 Historical Review and Perspective
			10.2.4.2 Technical Considerations
			10.2.4.3 Magnet Strength and Gantry Design
			10.2.4.4 MR Imaging—Anatomic Correlation
		10.2.5 SYNOVIAL ABNORMALITIES
			10.2.5.1 Joint Effusion
			10.2.5.2 Hemarthrosis and Lipohemarthrosis
			10.2.5.3 Synovitis
			10.2.5.4 Synovial Plicae
			10.2.5.5 Intra-articular Bodies
			10.2.5.6 Periarticular Synovial and Ganglion Cysts
			10.2.5.7 Intra-articular Ganglion Cysts
			10.2.5.8 Tumors and Tumor-like Lesions
			10.2.5.9 Bursitis
		10.2.6 ABNORMALITIES OF INTRACAPSULAR AND PERIARTICULAR FAT PADS
			10.2.6.1 Anatomic Considerations
			10.2.6.2 Hoffa's Disease
			10.2.6.3 Patellar Tendon—Lateral Femoral Condyle Friction Syndrome (Fat Pad Impingement Syndrome)
			10.2.6.4 Trochlear Fat Pad Impingement Syndrome
			10.2.6.5 Suprapatellar Fat Pad Impingement Syndrome
			10.2.6.6 Prefemoral Fat Pad Impingement Syndrome
			10.2.6.7 Traumatic and Surgical Changes in the Infrapatellar Fat Pad
			10.2.6.8 Retrocruciate Fat Pad Inflammation
		10.2.7 MENISCAL ABNORMALITIES
			10.2.7.1 Anatomic Considerations
			10.2.7.2 Physiologic Considerations
			10.2.7.3 Pathologic Considerations
			10.2.7.4 Meniscal Degeneration
			10.2.7.5 Meniscal Tears
			10.2.7.6 Meniscal Ligament Lesions
			10.2.7.7 Meniscal Contusions
			10.2.7.8 Meniscal Entrapment
			10.2.7.9 Meniscal Displacement
			10.2.7.10 Meniscal Detachment and the Flipped Meniscus
			10.2.7.11 Meniscocapsular Injury and Separation
			10.2.7.12 Meniscal Impingement Syndrome
			10.2.7.13 Meniscal Cysts
			10.2.7.14 Discoid Meniscus
			10.2.7.15 Other Anomalies of Meniscal Shape and Morphology
			10.2.7.16 Meniscal Ossicles
			10.2.7.17 Postoperative Menisci
		10.2.8 ABNORMALITIES OF THE LIGAMENTS OF THE KNEE
			10.2.8.1 General Concepts
			10.2.8.2 Clinical Tests
			10.2.8.3 Patterns and Classification of Injury
			10.2.8.4 Imaging Considerations
		10.2.9 ABNORMALITIES OF THE MEDIAL SUPPORTING STRUCTURES
			10.2.9.1 Anatomic Considerations
			10.2.9.2 Biomechanical Considerations
			10.2.9.3 Pathologic Considerations
			10.2.9.4 Medial Collateral Ligament Injuries
			10.2.9.5 Semimembranosus Muscle and Tendon Injuries and Other Abnormalities
			10.2.9.6 Other Muscle Abnormalities
		10.2.10 ABNORMALITIES OF THE LATERAL SUPPORTING STRUCTURES
			10.2.10.1 Anatomic Considerations
			10.2.10.2 Biomechanical Considerations
			10.2.10.3 Pathologic Considerations
			10.2.10.4 Injuries to the Lateral Supporting Structures
			10.2.10.5 Popliteus Muscle and Tendon Abnormalities
			10.2.10.6 Iliotibial Tract Abnormalities
			10.2.10.7 Plantaris Muscle Abnormalities
			10.2.10.8 Other Abnormalities
		10.2.11 ABNORMALITIES OF THE CENTRAL SUPPORTING STRUCTURES
			10.2.11.1 Anatomic Considerations
			10.2.11.2 Biochemical and Pathologic Considerations
			10.2.11.3 Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries
			10.2.11.4 Postoperative Anterior Cruciate Ligament
			10.2.11.5 Posterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries
			10.2.11.6 Postoperative Posterior Cruciate Ligament
			10.2.11.7 Cystic Mucinous Disease and Ganglion Cysts of the Cruciate Ligaments
			10.2.11.8 Anomalies of the Cruciate Ligaments
		10.2.12 ABNORMALITIES OF THE ANTERIOR SUPPORTING STRUCTURES
			10.2.12.1 Anatomic Considerations
			10.2.12.2 Pathologic and Clinical Considerations
			10.2.12.3 Patellar Tendinosis
			10.2.12.4 Tears of the Patellar and Quadriceps Tendons
			10.2.12.5 Contusions and Strains of the Quadriceps Muscle
			10.2.12.6 Patellar Malalignment and Instability
			10.2.12.7 Excessive Lateral Pressure and Tension Syndromes
			10.2.12.8 Chondromalacia Patellae
			10.2.12.9 Peripatellar Abnormalities
		10.2.13 ABNORMALITIES OF MULTIPLE LIGAMENTS
			10.2.13.1 Bumper Model
			10.2.13.2 MR Imaging Analysis
			10.2.13.3 Common Examples of Combined Ligamentous Injuries
			10.2.13.4 Knee Dislocation
		10.2.14 CARTILAGE AND BONE ABNORMALITIES
			10.2.14.1 Cartilage Abnormalities
			10.2.14.2 Cartilage Degeneration
			10.2.14.3 Chondral and Osteochondral Injury
			10.2.14.4 Therapy of Cartilage Abnormalities
			10.2.14.5 Fractures of the Distal Portion of the Femur
			10.2.14.6 Fractures of the Patella
			10.2.14.7 Fractures of the Proximal Portion of the Tibia
			10.2.14.8 Fractures of the Proximal Portion of the Fibula
			10.2.14.9 Dislocations of the Proximal Tibiofibular Joint
			10.2.14.10 Osteonecrosis
		10.2.15 BONE MARROW ABNORMALITIES
			10.2.15.1 Hematopoietic Hyperplasia
		10.2.16 DEVELOPMENTAL ABNORMALITIES
			10.2.16.1 Congenital Subluxation and Hyperextension of the Knee
			10.2.16.2 Skeletal Aplasia and Hypoplasia About the Knee
			10.2.16.3 Popliteal Pterygium Syndrome
		10.2.17 VASCULAR ABNORMALITIES
			10.2.17.1 Aneurysms
			10.2.17.2 Cystic Mucinous Degeneration
			10.2.17.3 Popliteal Artery Entrapment Syndrome
			10.2.17.4 Venous Disease
		10.2.18 SOFT TISSUE ABNORMALITIES
		10.2.19 MUSCLE ABNORMALITIES
		10.2.20 CHRONIC LOWER LEG PAIN IN ATHLETES
			10.2.20.1 Tennis Leg
			10.2.20.2 MISCELLANEOUS ABNORMALITIES
			10.2.20.3 Blount's Disease
		10.2.21 SUMMARY
		10.2.22 REFERENCES
	10.3 Chapter 26 - Ankle and Foot
		10.3.1 ANATOMY
			10.3.1.1 Osseous Anatomy
			10.3.1.2 Articular Anatomy
			10.3.1.3 Tendon Sheath and Bursal Anatomy
			10.3.1.4 Soft Tissue Anatomy
		10.3.2 FUNCTION
		10.3.3 IMAGING TECHNIQUES
			10.3.3.1 Arthrography
			10.3.3.2 Magnetic Resonance Imaging
		10.3.4 SPECIFIC ABNORMALITIES
			10.3.4.1 Fractures and Dislocations
			10.3.4.2 Ligament Abnormalities of the Ankle
			10.3.4.3 Ligament Abnormalities of the Foot
			10.3.4.4 Impingement Syndromes
			10.3.4.5 Tendon Abnormalities
			10.3.4.6 Developmental Abnormalities
			10.3.4.7 Synovial and Capsular Abnormalities
			10.3.4.8 Cartilage Abnormalities
			10.3.4.9 Muscle Abnormalities
			10.3.4.10 Abnormalities of the Plantar Soft Tissues
			10.3.4.11 Abnormalities of Nerves
			10.3.4.12 Bone Abnormalities
			10.3.4.13 Abnormalities of the Great Toe
			10.3.4.14 Abnormalities of the Lesser Toes
		10.3.5 SUMMARY
		10.3.6 REFERENCES
	10.4 Multislice CT Arthrography
		10.4.1 TECHNIQUE
		10.4.2 SPECIFIC JOINTS
			10.4.2.1 Glenohumeral Joint
			10.4.2.2 Elbow
			10.4.2.3 Wrist
			10.4.2.4 Hip
			10.4.2.5 Knee
			10.4.2.6 Ankle
		10.4.3 SUMMARY